YAO, or YAU, the first emperor of China. CHINA. See YARCUND, a city of Cashgar, in that part of Chinese Tartary which goes commonly by the name of Little Bucharia. It is situated on the eastern side of that range of mountains which extends northwards from the Himalleh, and divides Chinese from Independent Tartary. Being placed at the point where those mountains are usually crossed by the caravans, it has become a kind of emporium for the inland trade of Asia. YARD, n. s. Sax. geand; Goth, and Swed. YARD'WAND. gard. Inclosed ground adjoining a house; a measure of length; a pole; support of a sail: a yardwand is a measure of a yard in length. A peer, a counsellor, and a judge, are not to be measured by the common yard, but by the pole of special grace. Bacon. One of the lions leaped down into a neighbour's yard, where, nothing regarding the crowing of the cocks, he eat them up. Browne. The arms, spread cross in a straight line, and measured from one end of the long finger on one hand to that of the other, made a measure equal to the stature, and is named a fathom. Half of that, viz. from the end of the long finger of either arm, so spread, to the middle of the breast, is with us called a yard. Holder. A breeze from shore began to blow; The sailors ship their oars, and cease to row; Then hoist their yards a-trip, and all their sails, Let fall to court the wind." Dryden. Xanthus one day sent Esop into the yard, and bade him look well about him. L'Estrange. An aqueduct of a Gothick structure, that conveys from Mount St. Francis to Spoletto, from the foundation of the lowest arch to the top, is two hundred and thirty yards. Addison. All the revolutions in nature can give it nothing more than different degrees of dimensions. What affinity has thinking with such attributes? no more than there is between a syllogism and a yardwand. Collier. YARD, in husbandry. See GARDENINE. The YARD is used in Britain and Spain, chiefly to measure cloth, stuffs. &c. YARD OF A SHIP, a long piece of timber suspended upon the masts of a ship, to extend the sails to the wind. See MAST and SHIP-SAIL. All yards are either square or laten; the former are suspended across the masts at right angles, and the latter obliquely. The square yards are nearly of a cylindrical surface. They taper from the middle, which is called the slings, towards the extremities, which are termed the yard-arms; and the distance between the slings and the yard-arms on each side is by the artificers divided into quarters, which are distinguished into the first, second, third quarters, and yard-arms. The middle quarters are formed into eight squares, and each of the end parts is figured like the frustum of a cone. All the yards of a ship are square except that of the mizen. YARD-ARM is that half of the yard that is on either side of the mast, when it lies athwart the ship. YARE, adj. I do desire to learn, Sir; and I hope, if you have occasion to use me for your turn, you shall find me yare. Shakspeare. The silken tackles Swell with the touches of those flower-soft hands, yare at the helm; that is, be quick and expeditious at the helm. It is sometimes also used for bright by seamen; as, to keep his arms yare; that is, to keep them clean and bright. YARMOUTH, a sea-port, borough, and markettown, in the parish of West Medina, Isle of Wight, Hants. ten miles N. N. W. of Newport, and 100 The town stands on a south-west of London. bank sloping to the sea, and has evident traces of having been much larger than at present. The castle was built by Henry VIII., on the site of an ancient church. Market on Friday. YARMOUTH, commonly called Great Yarmouth, a sea-port, borough, and parish, in East-Flegg hundred, Norfolk, situate on a peninsula, at the eastern extremity of the county, twenty-two miles east by south of Norwich, and 124 north-east of London. It is encompassed on the south and east by the sea; on the north by the main land, and on the west by the Yare, over which is a handsome drawbridge, connecting it with Suffolk; it extends more than a mile in length, and half a mile in breadth; containing four principal streets running from north to south, and 156 narrow lanes, or rows, intersecting them. It is flanked with a wall, with ten gates and sixteen towers. The church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, is a stately pile 250 feet long, and, including the aisles, 108 in breadth; its wooden spire is now taken down. Near the centre of the town is a beautiful chapel of ease, dedicated to St. George. The quay, in the centre of which is the town-hall, forms a fashionable and delightful Promenade to this much frequented watering-place; it is nearly a mile and a quarter in length, and in some parts 150 yards wide; from the bridge to the south gate it is decorated with a fine range of buildings, among which the assembly-rooms make a conspicuous figure. The theatre, erected in 1778, is a neat edifice; here is also a bowling green. The bath-house was erected in 1759; it stands on the beach, which is a sinking sand, three furlongs from the chapel. On each side of the vestibule are baths appropriated to the separate uses of ladies and gentlemen. The sea-water is raised every tide by a horse-mill into a reservoir, about fifty yards from the baths, whence it is conveyed by pipes to the baths. Here are also commodious bathingmachines, but the sand renders them unpleasant of access. Adjoining the north end of the bath-house a public room was erected in 1788, for a tea and coffee room. The jetty, close to the bath-house, is 110 paces long, and forms an agreeable walk after bathing. The fishermen's hospital is of a quadrangular form, containing twenty rooms on the groundfloor. The hospital school was founded and is supported by subscription. Here also is a charity school for 100 boys and girls. The market-place forms a handsome area. The situation of this town is very favorable to commerce, and, besides fishing-smacks, there are upwards of 300 ships belonging to the port; but the most considerable employment here is its extensive fishery, there being 70,000 barrels of herrings generally taken and cured here in the year. The season commences at Michaelmas and lasts till the end of October. It has also a considerable coal trade. The harbour is convenient, being protected by a pier, provided with two light houses, and defended by two bastions, on a mural construction, and two YARE, among sailors, implies quick; as, be smaller ones. Large sums of money are annually, Id. expended in clearing it. Here are barracks for the accommodation of 1000 meu, and an armory. Among the peculiarities of this place is the use of a low narrow cart, drawn by a single horse and well adapted for the conveying of goods through the narrow lanes of this town; but others, on the same construction, more elegantly made, are let for airing in the neighbourhood, and are called Yarmouth coaches. A sessions is annually held here in the month of September, for the trial of offences committed within the jurisdiction of the corporation. They have also a court of admiralty, for the protection of marine property; and a court for the recovery of debts above £2 and under £10, from the award of which there is no appeal. The corporation consists of a mayor, eighteen aldermen, a recorder, and thirty-six common-councilmen. It returns two members to parliament, chosen by the burgesses at large; and the returning officer is the mayor. Market on Saturday, well supplied, and a small one on Wednesday. YARN, n. s. Sax. geann. Spun wool; woollen thread. You would be another Penelope ; yet they say all the yarn she spun in Ulysses's absence did but fill Ithaca full of moths. Shakspeare. It may be useful for the reeling of yarn. Wilkins. Yarn is a commodity very proper to this country, which of all others ought to be most encouraged. Temple. The rest among the rubbish may they sweep, Or add it to the yarn of some old miser's heap. Dryd. YARRANTON (Andrew), the inventor of tinplate, or white iron. See WHITE IRON. YARROW, a celebrated pastoral stream of Scotland, in Selkirkshire, which rises at a place called Yarrow Cleugh, very near the source of Moffat water; and running east a few miles, forms a beautiful lake called the loch of the Lows, which discharges its waters, after a course of 100 yards, into St. Mary's Loch, from which it issues; and, after a course of about sixteen miles through the ancient district of Etterick forest, joins its waters to the Etterick, two miles above Selkirk. YARROW, in botany. See ACHILEA, and RURAL ECONOMY. YAU, or YAO, a celebrated emperor of China; contemporary with Joshua. See CHINA. YAWN, v. n. & n. s. Sax. geonan. To gape; oscitate; have the mouth opened involuntarily; to open wide; express desire by yawning: the noun substantive corresponds. He shall cast up the wealth by him devoured, Like vomit from his yawning entrails poured. Sandys. The chiefest thing at which lay-reformers yawn is, that the clergy may, through conformity in condition, be poor as the apostles were. Hooker. 'Tis now the very witching time of night, When churchyards yawn. The sad-eyed justice, with his surly hum, Delivering o'er to executors pale The lazy yawning drone. Shakspeare. Id. In yawning, the inner parchment of the ear is extended. When a man yawneth, he cannot hear so well. Bacon. Hell at last Yawning received them whole, and on them closed. Milton. At length shook off himself, and asked the dame, And asking yawned, for what intent she came ? Dryd. Hence to the borders of the marsh they go, That mingles with the baleful streams below; And sometimes with a mighty yawn, 'tis said, YAWNING is an involuntary opening of mouth, generally produced by weariness of a clination to sleep. Yawning, according to be haave, is performed by expanding at one and same time all the muscles capable of spout motion; by greatly extending the lungs. drawing in gradually and slowly a large quant air; and gradually and slowly drawing it after it has been retained for some time and ne fied; and then restoring the muscles to their m ral state. Hence the effect of yawning is to accelerate, and equally distribute all the through all the vessels of the body, and consequ ly to qualify the muscles and organs of sersa for their various functions. When yawning troublesome, Hippocrates says that long deers piration, or drawing in the air at long inter cures it. YAWS. See MEDICINE, Index. YAXT, or JAXT. See JAXT. YCA, ICA, or VALVERDE. See ICA. YCLAD, part. for clad. Clothed Her words yclad with wisdom's majesty. Sh YCLEPED', part. pass. of clepe, to call:& clepan, with the increasing particle y, used old English, in the preterites and participles. the Sax. ge. Called; termed ; named. But come thou goddess fair and free, YE. The nominative plural of thou. YEA, adv. Sax. ea, or gea; Dan. Bel Teut. ja. Yes. A particle of affirmation; a ing, it is so, or, is it so? and of emphasis, only so; but more than so. the garden? Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every I am weary; yea, my memory is tired. Sherr From these Philippine are brought costly spic and gold too. All the promises of God are yea, and amen, are verified, which is the importance of yea; at firmed, which is meant by amen, into an immat Hava Why do disputes in wrangling spend the day, Whilst one says only yea, and t'other nay? DrThey durst abide Jehovah thundering out of Sion, throned Between the cherubim; yea, often placed Within his sanctuary itself their shrines. YEAD or YEDE, v. n. Pret. yode. Com formed from geod, the Saxon preterite of go; march. Obsolete. They wander at will, and stay at pleasure, And to their folds yeade at their own leisure. S YEAN, v. n. Saxon eanian. To t YEAN'LING, n. s. young; used of sheep: !> ling is the young produced. This I scarcely drag along, Who yeaning on the rocks has left her young, Ewes yean the polled lamb with the least daro Prior. Pope. Swift. Young. Not numerous are our joys when life is new, And yearly some are falling of the few. YEAR, in astronomy and chronology. See AsTRONOMY and KALENDAR. YEAR, ANCIENT EGYPTIAN. The ancient Egyptian year, called also the year of Nabonassar, on account of the epocha of Nabonassar, is the solar year of 365 days, divided into twelve months of thirty days each, besides five intercalary days added at the end. The names, &c., of the months are as follow:-1. Thoth. 2. Paophi. 3. Athyr. 4. Chojac. 5. Tybi. 6. Mecheir. 7. Phamenoth. 8. Pharmuthi. 9. Pachon. 10. Pauni. 11. Epiphi. 12. Mesori ; beside the ήμεραι επαγόμεναι. YEAR, ANCIENT GRECIAN. The ancient Greek year was lunar, consisting of twelve months, which at first had thirty days apiece, then alternately thirty and twenty-nine days, computed from the first appearance of the new moon, with the addition of an embolismic month of thirty days every third, fifth, eighth, eleventh, fourteenth, sixteenth, and nineteenth year of a cycle of nineteen years, in order to keep the new and full moons to the same terms or seasons of the year. Their year commenced with that new moon, the full moon of which comes next after the summer solstice. The order, &c., of their months was thus:-1. 'ExaTopBar, containing twenty-nine days. 2. MŋraYariv, thirty. 3. Bovopoμuv, twenty-nine. 4. Masμakтnow, thirty. 5. Iivavev, twenty-nine. 6. Iloradov, thirty. 7. Paunov, twenty-nine. 8. Avtorηpty, thirty. 9. Exaçpolov, thirty. 10. Movvvoxwv, thirty. 11. Oapynwy, twenty-nine. 12. Exipopopwv, thirty. YEAR, ANCIENT JEWISH. The ancient Jewish year is a lunar year, consisting commonly of eleven months, which alternately contain thirty and twentynine days. It was made to agree with the solar year, either by the adding of eleven, and sometimes twelve days, at the end of the year, or by an embolismic month. The names and quantities of the months stand thus:-1. Nisan, or Abib, thirty days. 2. Jair, or Zius, twenty-nine. 3. Siban, or Siwan, thirty. 4. Thammuz, or Tammuz, twenty-nine. 5. Ab, thirty. 6. Elul, twenty-nine. 7. Tisri, or Ethanim, thirty. 8. Marchesvam, or Bul, twentynine. 9. Cisleu, thirty. 10. Tebeth, twenty-nine. 11. Sabat, or Schebeth, thirty. 12. Adar, in the embolismic year, thirty. Adar, in the common year, was but twenty-nine. Note, in the defective year, Cisleu was only twenty-nine days; and, in the redundant year, Marchesvam was thirty. YEAR, ANCIENT ROMAN. The ancient Roman year was the lunar year, which, as first settled by Romulus, consisted only of ten months:-viz. 1. March, containing thirty-one days. 2. April, thirty. 3. May, thirty-one. 4. June, thirty. 5. Quintilis, thirty-one. 6. Sextilis, thirty. 7. September, thirty. 8. October, thirty-one. 9. November, thirty. 10. December, thirty. In all 304 days, which came short of the true lunar year by fifty days, and of the solar by sixty-one days. Numa Pompilius corrected this irregular constitution of the year, and composed two new months, January and February, of the days that were used to be added to the former year. YEAR, ARABIC, MAHOMETAN, TURKISH, &c. The Arabic, Mahometan, and Turkish year, called also the year of the Hegira, is a lunar year, equal to 354 days, eight hours, and forty-eight minutes, and consists of twelve months, which contain alternately thirty and twenty-nine days. YEAR, HINDOO. The Hindoo year differs from all these, and is indeed different in different provinces of India. The best account that we have of it is by Mr. Cavendish, in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1792. 'Before I speak of the civil year of the Hindoos (says this writer) it will be proper to say a few words of the astronomical year by which it is regulated:-1. The astronomical year begins at the instant when the sun comes to the first point of the Hindoo zodiac. In the year 1792 it began on April 9th, at 22 h. 14' after midnight of their first meridian, which is about 41' of time west of Calcutta; but, according to Mr. Gentil's account of the Indian astronomy, it began 3 h. 24' earlier. As this year, however, is longer than ours, its commencement falls continually later, in respect of the Julian year, by 50′ 26′′ in four years. This year is divided into twelve months, each of which corresponds to the time of the sun's stay in some sign; so that they are of different lengths, and seldom begin at the beginning of a day. The civil day in all parts of India begins at sunrise, and is divided into sixty parts called dandas, which are again divided into sixty palas. In those parts of India in which the Benares almanac, or as it is there called patras, is used, the civil year is lunisolar, consisting of twelve lunar months, with an intercalary month inserted between them occasionally. It begins at the day after the new moon next before the beginning of the solar year. The lunar month Brahmin in charge of a temple, or whose duty it is to announce the times for the observance of religious ceremonies, is therefore furnished with one of their almanacs; and if he be an astronomer, he makes such corrections in it as the difference of latitude and longitude render necessary.' YEAR, JELLALEAN, is a correction of the former Persian year, by sultan Jellaleddan, in 1089. See KALENDAR. YEAR, PERSIAN. The Persian year is a solar year of about 365 days; consisting of twelve months of thirty days each, with five intercalary days added at the end. YEARN, v. n., v. a., & n. s. Sax. eannan. To feel great internal uneasiness. In Spenser it is sometimes earn, and used for desire, or the pain of longing; it now implies tenderness or pity, but is not a common word: the noun substantive corresponds. divided into thirty parts called teethees; these are not strictly of the same length, but are equal to the time in which the moon's true motion from the sun is 12°. From the new moon till the moon arrives at 12° distance from the sun is called the first teethee; from thence till it comes to 24° is called the second teethee; and so on till the full moon, after which the teethees return in the same order as before. The civil day is constantly called by the number of that teethee which expires during the course of the day; and, as the teethee is sometimes longer than one day, a day sometimes occurs in which no teethee ends. When this is the case the day is called by the same number as the following day; so that two successive days go by the same name. It oftener happens, however, that two teethees end on the same day; in which case the number of the first of them gives name to the day, and there is no day called by the number of the last, so that a gap is made in the order of the days. In the latter part of the month the days are counted from the full moon, in the same manner as in the former part they are counted from the new moon; only the last day, or that on which the new moon happens, is called the 30th instead of the 15th. It appears, therefore, that each half of the month constantly begins on the day after that on which the new or full moon falls; only sometimes the half month begins with the second day, the first being wanting. This manner of counting the days is sufficiently intricate, but that of counting the months is still more so. The civil year begins at the day after the new moon; and, in the years which have an intercalary month, this month begins at the day after the new moon; but notwithstanding this, the ordinary civil month begins at the day after the full moon. To make their method more intelligible we will call the time from new moon to new moon the natural month. The civil month Visakha, the first in the Hindoo kalendar, which extends from the 9th of our April to the 10th of May, begins at the day after that full moon which is nearest to the instant at which the sun enters Mesha, the first in order of the Indian signs, whether before or after; however, it is not always accurately the nearest. A consequence of this way of counting the months is, that the first half of Chitra, the last month in the Indian kalendar, extending from March the 10th to April the 9th, fall in one year, and the latter half in the following year; and, whenever the sun enters no sign during a natural month, this month is intercalary. The number of days in the month varies from twentynine to thirty-two. Indeed the Hindoo months, both solar and lunar, consist neither of a determinate number of days, nor are regulated by any cycle, but depend solely on the motions of the sun and moon; so that a Hindoo has no way of knowing what day of the month it is but by consulting his almanac; and, what is more, the month ought sometimes to begin on different days in different places, on account of the difference in latitude and longitude, not to mention the difference which may arise from errors in computation. This mode of computing time must be attended with many inconveniences; but in the transactions of civil life the Hindoos do not much regard it. A disagreement, however, in the computation of the teethee, which sometimes also happens, occasions no small perplexity; because by the teethees, or lunar days, are regulated most of their religious festivals. Every Joseph made haste; for his bowels did yearn upon his brother; and he sought where to weep, and he entered into his chamber. Gen. xliii. 30. He despised to tread in due degree, But chaffed, and foamed, with courage fierce and stern, And to be eased of that base burden still did yearn. Where our heart does but relent, his melts; where our eye pities, his bowels yearn. South. Your mother's heart yearns towards you. Addison. At beholding the miseries of others, they find such yearnings in their bowels, and such sensible commotions raised in their breasts, as they can by no means satisfy. Calamy. YEDDO, or JEDDO, a city of Japan, which may properly be considered as the capital of the empire. It is situated at the head of a great bay, and at the mouth of a large river of the same name. Meaco, the residence of the spiritual emperor, was the original capital, and is still in some degree cons dered as such; but since the Kubo Sama, the civil and military ruler, has fixed his residence at Veddo, that city has far eclipsed the other. It contains many splendid palaces, which stand by themselves, surrounded by large court-yards and stately gates; and though built only of wood, and one story high, are distinguished by varnished staircases, large and finely ornamented apartments. All these are eclipsed, however, by the palace of the emperor, which may more properly be called a great fortified city, situated in the heart of the general city, said to be five leagues in circumference, surrounded with walls and ditches, and containing several fortified buildings. The outer part is composed of streets, containing many palaces, in which reside the princes of the blood, ministers, and other public functionaries. The centre of the enclosure contains the palace or residence of the emperor. Unlike all the other Japanese structures it is built of freestone, and surrounded by a wall of the same material without cement. The body of the palace, how ever, like other Japanese structures, consists only of one high story. The apartments are spacious: mats are the only furniture used; so that the palace is distinguished only by their superior number and whiteness. Its chief ornament consists in the walls, which are made of the finest cedar and camphire wood, and often varnished and covered with different figures. Behind the palace are gardens and orchards of great beauty. The city is said to be seven miles long, five broad, and twenty in circumference: it has no walls except those which surround the palace. It is intersected by branches of the river, and by canals, which are crossed by numerous bridges. The houses, with the exception of those which belong to the nobles and clergy, are small and low, composed of wood, paper, and mats. Here, although every house keeps a large tub of water under the roof, and firemen are constantly patrolling the streets, conflagrations often take place to a dreadful extent. One, which occurred in 1703, was so great that 100,000 houses are supposed to have been consumed. Besides being the residence of the monarch, Yeddo is the seat of an extensive commerce, and contains many flourishing manufactures. Long. 140° E., lat. 36° 30' N. YELK, n. s. Sax. gealepe, yellow. The yellow part of an egg. Often written, and pronounced yolk. The yolk of the egg conduceth little to the generation of the bird, but only to the nourishment of the same for if a chicken be opened when it is newhatched, you shall find much of the yolk remaining. Bacon. That a chicken is formed out of the yelk of an egg, with some ancient philosophers, the people still opinion. All the feathered kind Browne. YELLOW, adj. Thomson. Sax. yealepe; Belg. YELLOWBOY, N. s. gheleuwe, geel; Ital. YELLOWISH, adj. giallo; Goth. gullig: YELLOWISHNESS, n. s. Goth. uil and ool is the YELLOWNESS, sun. Being of a bright YELLOWS. J glaring color, as gold: yellow-boy is a low name for a gold coin: yellow ish, approaching to yellow the noun substantive corresponding: yellowness, the quality of yellow; used by Shakspeare for jealousy: the yellows is a disease of horses. : YELLOW is one of the original colors of light. YELLOW COLORS for painting. See CHEMISTRY, COLOR, and COLOR MAKING. YELLOW, DYEING OF. See DYEING. YELLOW EARTH, in mineralogy. Color ochre yellow. Massive. Dull. Fracture slaty or earthy. Streak somewhat shining. Opaque. Soils slightly. Soft. Easily frangible. Adheres to the tongue. Feels rather greasy. Specific gravity 2.24. Before the blowpipe it is converted into a black and shining enamel. Its constituents are silica 92, alumina 2, lime 3, iron 3.-Merat-Guillot. It is found at Wehraw in Upper Lusatia, where it is associated with clay and clay-ironstone. When burnt it is sold by the Dutch as a pigment under the name of English red. It was used as a yellow paint by the ancients. YELLOW FEVER. See MEDICINE. YELLOW HAMMER. See EMBERIZA. YELLOW, NEAPOLITAN, or NAPLES, a beautiful color much used by painters, formerly thought to be prepared from arsenic, but now discovered to have lead for its basis. YELLOW WEED, in botany. See RESEDA. YELLOWSTONE, or Rochejaune, or Jaun, a river of North America, which rises from lake Eustis in the Rocky Mountains, and after an E. N. E. course of about 1100 miles joins the Missouri 1880 miles from the Mississippi. This river is nearly or quite as large as the other branch, which retains the name of Missouri. Its principal branches are Bighorn and Tongue rivers. Captain Clark, the associate of captain Lewis, descended this river on his return from the Pacific Ocean. He found it deep, rapid, and navigable from the place where he struck to its mouth, a distance of 850 miles. On the 30th of August, 1818, a battalion of the rifle regiment, commanded by colonel Talbot Chambers, consisting of 350, embarked at Belle Fontaine on an expedition up the Missouri, with a view to establish a fort at the mouth of the Yellowstone. YELP, v. n. Sax. zealpan. To bark as a beagle-hound after his prey. A little herd of England's tim'rous deer Mazed with a yelping kennel of French curs. Shaksp. YEMEN, a country of Arabia, forming the southeastern division of that part of Asia situated partly |