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knight devoting himself to danger, declared himself the humble servant of some lady, and that lady was often the object of his love. Her honor was supposed to be intimately connected with his, and her smile was the reward of his valor: for her he attacked, for her he defended, and for her he shed his blood. Courage, animated by so powerful a motive, lost sight of every thing but enterprise : incredible toils were cheerfully endured, incredible actions were performed, and adventures seemingly fabulous were realised. The effect was reciprocal. Women, proud of their influence, became worthy of the heroism which they had inspired: they were not to be approached but by the high minded and the brave; and men then could only be admitted to the bosom of the chaste fair, after proving their fidelity and affection by years of perseverance and of peril. Again, as to the change which took place in the operations of war, it may be observed that the perfect hero of antiquity was superior to fear, but he made use of every artifice to annoy his enemy impelled by animosity and hostile passion, like the savage in the American woods, he was only anxious of attaining his end, without regarding whether fraud or force were the means. But the true knight or modern hero of the middle ages, who seems in all his rencounters to have had his eye on the judicial combat or judgment of God, nad an equal contempt for stratagem and danger. He disdained to take advantage of his enemy: he desired only to see him, and to combat him upon equal terms, trusting that heaven would declare in behalf of the just; and as he professed only to vindicate the cause of religion, of injured beauty, or oppressed innocence, he was further confirmed in this enthusiastic opinion by his own heated imagination. Strongly persuaded that the decision must be in his favor, he fought as if under the influence of divine inspiration rather than of military. ardor. Thus the system of chivalry, by a singular combination of manners, blended the heroic and sanctified characters, united devotion and valor, zeal and gallantry, and reconciled the iove of God

and of the ladies

WOMB, n. s. & v. a. Sax. pamb; Goth. wamba; WOMBY', adj. Isl. wamb. The place of the fœtus in the mother; place whence any thing is produced; cavity to enclose: womby, capacious. Obsolete.

When yet he was but tender bodied, and the only son of my womb. Shakspeare.

Not for all the sun sees, or
The close earth wombs, will I break my oath
To this my fair beloved.

He'll call you to so hot an answer for it,
That caves and womby vaultages of France

Id.

Shall chide your trespass, and return your mock. Id.
The earth was formed, but in the womb as yet
Of waters, embryon immature involved,
Appeared not.

Milton.

New-born children bring not many ideas into the world, bating some faint ideas of hunger and thirst which they may have felt in the womb.

An amphitheatre unpeopled Rome,
And held, uncrowded, nations in its womb.

WON'DER, v. n. & n. s.
WON'DERFUL, adj.
WONDERFULLY, adv.
WONDERMENT, n.s.
WON'DERSTRUCK, adj.
WON'DROUS, adj. & adv.
WON'DROUSLY, adv.

Locke.

Addison. Sax. pundɲian; Teut. wunder; Belg. wonder. To be struck with ad-miration; be pleased or surprised to astonishment: with at, and Jrarely with after: ad

miration; astonishment; cause of wonder: wonder. ful and wondrous mean admirable: strange; marvellous and the other derivatives correspond. I uttered that which I understood not, things to wonderful for me, which I knew not. Job xh. 3 The house which I am about to build shall be underful great. 2 Chron. ii. 9.

The want of these magazines of victuals I have complained of in England, and wondered at in other costSpenser ravished is with fancy's wonderment. When my pen would write her titles true,

tries.

It

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My lord led wondrously to discontent. Shakspears. From that part where Moses remembereth the giants, begotten by the sons of good men upon the daughtes of the wicked, did they steal those wondrous great as of their ancient kings and powerful giants. Raleigh.

The pope, knowing himself to be unprofitable to the christian world, was wonderfully glad to hear that the were such echoes of him sounding in remote parts.

Baren

Wonder causeth astonishment, or an immoveable po ture of the body; for in wonder the spirits fly not as is fear, but only settle.

Then medicines woundrously composed the skilfu leech applied. Chapman The Cornish wonder-gatherer describeth the same. Carca

There is a place deep, wondrous deep, below, Which genuine night and horrours do o'erflow. Covey The credit of whose virtue rest with thee; Wondrous indeed, if cause of such effects. There Babylon, the wonder of all tongues. Strange

Milton

H.

Hath been the cause, and wonderful to hear.
The better cause makes mine the sharper now. Walim.
Drawn for your prince, that sword could wonders a
In such charities she passed the day,
'Twas wond'rous how she found an hour to pray.
Drude
Id.

King Turnus wondered at the fight renewed.
Ascanius, wonderstruck to see

That image of his filial piety.
The neighbours made a wonderment of it, and aste
him what he meant.
L'Estrange

charged with insignificant and doubtful expressions

Who can wonder that the sciences have been so cer

knowing? capable to make the most quick-sighted little the mon

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There is something wonderfully divine in the airs a this picture. Adaise.

Sylphs, yet mindful of their ancient race, Are, as when women, wondrous fond of place. Pop I could not sufficiently wonder at the intrepidity these diminutive mortals, who durst venture to mour and walk upon my body. Suct

Researches into the springs of natural bodies, ax their motions, should awaken us to admire the wondr wisdom of our Creator in all the works of nature.

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things must be done unjustly, that many things may be done justly.

Bacon.

Did I see any thing more of Christ in those that pretend to other modes of government, I might suspect my judgment biassed with prejudice or wontedness of my opinion. King Charles.

So prayed they, innocent, and to their thoughts Firm peace recovered soon, and wonted calm. Milton. For others that he saw perplexed about the manage of their difficult affairs, he was wont to ask them when they would begin to trust God, or permit him to govern the world? Fell. Who have no house, sit round where once it was, And with full eyes each wonted room require;

Haunting the yet warm ashes of the place, As murthered men walk where they did expire. Dryd. The pond-frog would fain have gotten the other frog over; but she was wonted to the place, and would not L'Estrange.

remove.

Another sort of sophism is wont to be called an imperfect enumeration or false induction, when from a few experiments men infer general theorems. Watts. WOO, v. a. & v. n. Į Sax. apogod, courted. To Woo'ER, n. s. court; sue to for love; importune; make love: he who woos.

We cannot fight for love, as men may do ;
We should be woo'd, and were not made to woo.

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Mad;

furious; raging. Obsolete.

Winds do rage as winds were wood,

Herrings must be smoaked with wood. The millepes or woodlouse is a small insect; it has only fourteen pair of short legs; it is a very swift runner, but it can occasionally roll itself up into the form of a ball.

Philips. Child.

Hill.

And cause spring tides to raise great flood. Calm the tempest of his passion wood;

Tusser.

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Gay.

The banks are overflown when stopped is the flood. Spenser. WOOD, n. s. Sax. pude; Belgic woud; WOOD'BINE, Goth. and Swed. wid. A large WOOD'COCK, or thick collection of trees; WOOD DRINK, the substance of trees; timber: WOOD'ED, adj. woodbine is a name of the hoWOOD'EN, neysuckle woodcock, a bird WOOD'HOLE, used as an emblem of a fool: WOOD'LAND, wooddrink, a decoction of a WOOD'LOUSE, medicinal wood: wooded, supWOOD'MAN, plied with or abounding in WOOD'NOTE, wood wooden, made of wood; WOOD'NYMPH, ligneous; also clumsy; awkWOODPECKER, ward; stupid woodhole, a WOOD'SAPE, store-hole for wood: woodsare WOOD'Y, adj. Jis explained in the extract, and the other compounds seem to require no explanation. With the woody nymphs when she did play. Spenser. The wood-born people fall before her flat, And worship her as goddess of the wood. The duke is a better woodman than thou takest him for. Shakspeare. The woods are ruthless, dreadful, deaf, and dull : There speak and strike.

fd.

Id.

Soon as in doubtful day the woodcock flies, Her cleanly pail the pretty housewife bears.

ful.

The drinking elder-wine or wooddrinks are very useFloyer. The lord Strutts have been possessed of a very great landed estate, well conditioned, wooded, and watered. Arbuthnot.

The structure of the tongue of the woodpecker is very singular, whether we look at its great length, its bones Derham. and muscles, its incompassing parts, &c.

Here hills and vales, the woodland and the plain, Here earth and water seem to strive again. Pope. There is an insect they call a woodlouse, That folds up itself in itself, for a house, As round as a ball, without head, without tail, Inclosed cap-a-pe in a strong coat of mail.

Swift.

WOOD (sylva), in geography, a multitude of trees extended over a vast tract of land, and propagated without culture. The generality of woods only consist of trees of one kind.-The ancient Saxons had such a veneration for woods that they made them sanctuaries.-It is ordained, that none shall destroy any wood, by turning it into tillage or pasture, &c., where there are two acres or more in quantity, on pain of forfeiting 40s. an acre, by 35

Henry VIII. c. 17. All woods that are felled at fourteen years growth are to be preserved from destruction for eight years; and no cattle put into the ground for five years after the felling thereof, &c., 13 Eliz. c. 25. The burning of woods or underwood is declared to be felony; also those persons that maliciously cut or spoil timber-trees, any fruittrees, &c., shall be sent to the house of correction, there to be kept three months, and whipt once a month.

WOOD, METHOD of Staining or DYEING. See TURNING.

WOOD (Anthony), an eminent biographer and antiquarian, was the son of Thomas Wood, B. A. and LL. Civ., and born at Oxford in 1632. He studied at Merton College, and in 1655 took the degree of M. A. He wrote, 1. The History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford; which was afterwards translated into Latin by Mr. Wase and Mr. Peers, under the title of Historia et Antiquitates Oxoniensis, 2 vols. folio. 2. Athenæ Oxoniensis; or an exact Account of all the Writers and Bishops who have had their Education in the University of Oxford, from the year 1500 to 1600, 2 vols. folio; which was greatly enlarged in a second edition published in 1721 by bishop Tanner. Upon the first publication of this work the author was attacked by the university, in defence of Edward earl of Clarendon, lord high chancellor of England, and chancellor of the university, and was likewise animadverted upon by bishop Burnet; upon which he published a Vindication of the Historiographer of the University of Oxford. He died at Oxford of a retention of urine in 1695.

WOOD ANEMONE. See ANEMONE.
WOODBIND. See LONICERA.
WOODBIND, SPANISH. See IPOMOEA.

WOODBRIDGE, a town of Suffolk, which took its name, it is supposed, from a wooden bridge built over a hollow way, to make a communication between two parks, separated by the road which leads by the market place towards Ipswich. The streets though narrow are paved, and the longest is nearly a mile in extent. The market place is clean and well built. The river Deben, on which this town is situated, discharges itself into the sea, about ten miles below it, and is navigable up to the town. Here are two quays. This place is generally admired by travellers for its healthy and salubrious air. A considerable trade is carried on here in corn, flour, malt, cheese, coals, timber, deals, wine, foreign spirits, porter, grocery, drapery, and ironmongery, goods. The shipping of late years has increased in the exportation of corn. Regular London traders sail to and from port, weekly; the other vessels for the most part are employed in the Newcastle and Sunderland trade. The manufacture of sack-cloth, for which this place was formerly noted, and the refining of salt are now quite relinquished, other places affording them on cheaper terms. The parish church is a very noble structure. The tower is remarkably handsome, composed of flute work in beautiful compartments. It is 108 feet high, and is distinguished at sea as a capital object, and even at a great distance on land. There are also several meeting houses for the Dissenters. The quarter sessions of the peace for this division are held here in a noble old hall, built in the reign of queen Elizabeth. The number of houses is 657, and inhabitants 4132. The market is held on Wednesday;

and there are two fairs yearly, one on April the other on October 12th. Seventy-seven me north-east of London, and seven E. N. E. of Ip wich.

WOODCOCK. See SCOLOPAX.
WOODCOTE. See NEOMAGUS.

WOODFALL (William), a printer and par mentary reporter, whose father, also a printer, w the proprietor of the Public Advertiser. The son was placed in the printing office of Mr. Baliwn. and afterwards assisted his father. He then tempted the stage, but with little success; and pr pared for exhibition Savage's tragedy, entitled Sr Thomas Overbury, acted at Covent Garden in 1777 In consequence of his being the publisher of the Letters of Junius, he was exposed to a prosecuti which induced him to take refuge in Ireland: a length he became proprietor and editor of t Morning Chronicle, and distinguished himselfy the ability and precision with which he report. the debates. He died August 1st, 1803, at the p of fifty-eight. Besides his labors as a journals, he produced, in several pamphlets, reports of a de bate in the Irish house of commons; and anothe at the India House.

WOODFORD, a parish in Beacontree hunds. Essex, situate on the road to Epping, eight and a half north-east of London; containing houses and 2699 inhabitants. In the churchis a handsome Corinthian column, brought in Italy, and erected to the memory of Sir Edmu bury Godfrey.

WOODFRETTER. See ONISCUS.
WOODGOAT. See CAPRA.

WOODLARK. See ALAUDA.

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WOODPIG EON. See COLUMBA.

WOODS, LAKE OF, a lake of North America most northern in the territory of the United States so called from the large quantities of wood gw ing on its banks; such as oak, pine, fir, spruce.& There are a few Indian inhabitants on the bark the lake, who might live very comfortably, if t were not so immoderately fond of spirituous liqu The lake is of an oval form, thirty-six miles n cumference, according to major Pike; and › thickly studded with islands, some of which extensive. By its means, the communication s kept up between the lakes Winnipic, Bourbon, Lake Superior. It deserves to be mentioned, as that in the treaty concluded between Great Bri and America it was fixed upon by the Ameri as the spot from which a line of boundary betwe the United States and the British territories w! run, until it struck the Mississippi; which, be ever, can never happen, as the north-west par the Lake of the Woods is in lat. 49° 37′ N, EX long. 94° 31′ W., and the source of the Mas sippi, as explored by major Pike in 1805, is in 47° 42′ 40" N.

WOODSORREL. See OXALIS.

WOODSTOCK, a borough, market town, parish in Wootton hundred, Oxon, standing brook which falls into the Isis, eight miles N. N. of Oxford, and sixty-two and a half W. N.W. “ London; containing 246 houses and 1455 inhabiants. Woodstock is noted for its manufactures fine wash-leather gloves and polished steel wa chains, &c. In the time of the Saxons bere was. ? royal palace. Adjoining the town is Bite,

house and park, the magnificent seat of the duke of Marlborough. Market on Tuesday.

WOODWARD (Dr. John), was born in 1665, educated at a country school, and sent to London, where he is said to have been put an apprentice to a linen draper. He was not long in that station, till he became acquainted with Dr. Peter Barwick, an eminent physician, who took him under his tuition and into his family. Here he prosecuted with great vigor and success the study of philosophy, anatomy, and physic. In 1692, Dr. Stillingfleet quitting the place of professor of physic in Gresham College, he was chosen to succeed him, and the year following was elected F. R. S. In 1695 he obtained the degree of M. D. by patent from archbishop Tenninson; and the same year he published his Essay toward a Natural History of the Earth. He afterward wrote many other pieces, which have been well received by the learned world. He founded a lecture in the university of Cambridge, to be read there upon his essay, &c., and handsomely endowed it. He died in 1728. WOODWORM. See ONISCUS. WOOL, n. s. WOOL FEL, WOOLLEN, adj. & n. s. WOOL LY, adj. WOOL PACK, n. s. WOOL'SACK,

Sax. pul; Bel. wol; Teut. wolle; Gothic and Swedish ull. The >fleece of sheep; that which is woven into cloth; any short, thick WOOL'WARD, adv. hair: woolfel is skin not stripped of the wool: woollen, made of wool; the cloth so made: woolly, clothed with, or consisting of wool: woolpack, or woolsack, a bag containing wool; the seat of the judges in the house of lords; any thing bulky but light: woolward is in wool: obsolete.

What signifies

My fleece of woolly hair, that now uncurls? In the cauldron boil and bake; Wool of bat and tongue of dog.

I was wont

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Shaksp.

Id.

Id.

Id.

Woollen cloth will tenter, linen scarcely. Bacon.

a fresh crop. It differs from hair, however, in the uniformity of its growth, and the regularity of its shedding. Every filament of wool seems to keep exact pace with another in the same part of the body of the animal; the whole crop springs up at once; the whole advances uniformly together; the whole loosens from the skin nearly at the same period, and thus falls off if not previously shorn, leaving the animal covered with a short coat of young wool. Hairs are commonly of the same thickness in every part; but wool constantly varies in thickness in different parts, being generally thicker at the points than at the roots. That part of the fleece of sheep which grows in winter is finer than what grows in summer. While the wool remains in the state it was first shorn off the sheep's back, and not sorted into its different kinds, it is called fleece. Each fleece consists of wool of divers qualities and degrees of fineness, which the dealers therein take care to separate. The French and English usually separate each fleece into three sorts, viz. 1. Mother wool, which is that of the back and neck. 2. The wool of the tails and legs. 3. That of the breast and under the belly. The Spaniards make the like division into three sorts, which they call prime, second, and third; and, for the greater ease, denote each bale or pack with a capital letter denoting the sort. Among the ancients, the wools of Attica, Megara, Laodicea, Apulia, and especi ally those of Tarentum, Parma, and Altino, were the most valued. Varro assures us that the people there used to clothe their sheep with skins, to secure the wool from being damaged.

WOOLLEN CLOTH. See CLOTH.

WOOLLI, a small kingdom of Western Africa, extending along the north side of the Gambia, having Tenda on the south-east, and Bondow on the north-east. It is level, and covered entirely with wood. Park, in his first journey, received a very hospitable reception from the king, who, however, endeavoured to dissuade him from his journey.

WOOLMAN (John), a minister of the Society of Friends in North America, chiefly remarkable as an early and faithful advocate of the rights of

Wool and woolfels were ever of little value in this the enslaved Africans, was born at Northampton, kingdom.

Davies.

Chaos of presbyt'ry, where laymen guide With the tame woolpack clergy by their side. Cleavel. His breeches were of rugged woollen,

And had been at the siege of Bullen.

Hudibras.

At bar abusive, on the bench unable, Knave on the woolsack, fop at council table. Dryden.

Gently they lay 'em down, as evening sheep

On their own woolly fleeces softly sleep.

At dawn of day our general cleft his pate,

Spite of his woollen night-cap.

Nothing profits more

Than frequent snows; Oh mayst thou often see Thy furrows whitened by the woolly rain Nutritious!

Id.

Id.

Philips.

Swift.

Odious! in woollen! twould a saint provoke : No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace Wrap my cold limbs, and shade my lifeless face. Pope. He is a bel-esprit, and a woollen-draper. WOOL is the covering of sheep. See Ovis, and SHEEP. Wool resembles hair in a great many particulars; but besides its fineness, which constitutes an obvious difference, there are other particulars which may serve also to distinguish them from one another. Wool, like the hair of horses, cattle, and most other animals, completes its growth in a year and then falls off as hair does, and is succeeded by

in Burlington county, West Jersey, early in the last century. He was the principal means of inducing this valuable body of religionists to part with all their slaves. A Memoir of him was published in London in 1815, to which we must refer the reader.

WOOLSTON (Thomas), an English divine, was born at Northampton in 1669, and educated at Cambridge. His first appearance in the learned world was in 1705, in a work entitled The Old Apology for the Truth of the Christian Religion, against the Jews and Gentiles, revived. He afterward wrote many pieces: but what made the most noise were his Six Discourses on the Miracles of Christ; which occasioned a great number of books and pamphlets upon the subject, and raised a prosecution against him. He was sentenced to a year's imprisonment, and to pay a fine of £100. He purchased the liberty of the rules of the King's-bench, where he continued after the expiration of the year, being unable to pay the fine. The greatest obstruction to his deliverance from confinement was the obligation of giving security not to offend by any future writings, he being resolved to write again as freely as before. He died January 27th 1732-3.

WOOLSTONECRAFT. See WOLLSTONECRAFT. WOOLWICH, anciently Hulviz, Wolwiche, and Wollewic, a market-town of the county of Kent, is situated on the banks of the Thames, about eight miles from London. Market on Saturdays. This town, originally a straggling village, rose into notice in the reign of Henry VIII., who established a royal dock-yard here. Its size and consequence have been particularly increased since the establishment of the royal arsenal and royal artillery in the beginning of the last century. We regret that we cannot avail ourselves of a detailed description of all these establishments with which we have been favored, but see our article Docks. About half way between the arsenal and the artillery barracks stands the grand depôt of field artillery; it consists of several long store sheds, in which are deposited a number of batteries of fieldguns completely equipped for active service in the field; the whole of the guns mounted on the forts and batteries, at home and abroad, are under the superintendance of this department; and the commanding officers of artillery, at all the stations, make half yearly reports to the head of the establishment, who is always the senior officer of the regiment, and is denominated the director-general of artillery.

riodical works of every description, are take here; and the library contains about 7000 volza The building next to the left end of the barran fitted up as a chapel, and is capable of conta 1000 persons. There is a very handsome w over the altar. Divine service is performed twice on each Sunday by the chaplains of the ment; and the military band play some exci pieces of sacred music.

In the rear of the front range towards the there are two very large quadrangles, contata the barracks for the officers and men of the m horse artillery, and stabling for their horses. it ing the late war both the quadrangles were pied by this corps, but at present they only c a part of one. These quadrangles are named the noblemen who were the masters-general di ordnance when they were erected, the east called Richmond and the west Chatham S To the north of these stands a range of bere and stables, which was erected for the late cry royal artillery drivers; but, that corps been incorporated with the regiment of artile 1822, it is now occupied by the brigades of artillery. At the north-east corner of the be there is a handsome riding-school, with a barrack for the men of the riding department school is built like an ancient temple, bas appearance, and is about fifty-six yards twenty-two broad.

Nearly opposite to the grand depôt stands the spacious hospital for the artillery and sappers and miners. It is capable of containing 700 patients; and for cleanliness and comfortable arrangement The whole of the artillery barracks will at may be said to be unrivalled. There is a medica accommodate 2855 men, but, in case of emerge library in this building, which contains the best they are adapted for 4700. The regiment a works on that science, and which is supported by of the horse and nine battalions of foot ani a subscription from the medical officers. It is un- and a part of each is always at Woolwich der the superintendance of sir John Webb, who is amount of, at present, about 2700 m the director-general and inspector of the medical greatest strength of the regiment of artillery department of the ordnance. A little below the and foot, at home and abroad, was, in Jun grand depôt there is a small barrack which was 1814 (the last year of the war), 28,291 offen erected, about 1812, for the royal sappers and men; but it is now reduced to 7199 offert miners, who have their head-quarters here; but, as At the west end of the barracks ther only as many of that corps are stationed here as battery for mortars and howitzers, at which th are necessary for carrying on the military works, are practised in throwing shells at a flag-safe their numbers are very small: they are com-ed on the common. manded by officers from the corps of royal engineers.

On the north side of Woolwich Common the barracks for the head-quarters of the royal regiment of artillery are erected; they stand nearly due east and west, and fronting to the south; the range is about 400 yards long by 250 deep, and they are divided into two wings connected by a handsome archway of stone, surmounted by the royal arms and groups of military trophies, and having four Doric columns in front; the left wing was erected about the year 1779, and the right about 1803. The front range of the barracks consists of two large buildings for the men and four for the officers; between each of these there is a low building, handsomely stuccoed, with Doric columns in front, and a colonnade above each; the first of these on the right contains the offices of the commandant of the garrison, the adjutant-general, and one office for each of the battalions of artillery; the next is most splendidly fitted up as a mess-room for the officers, and is supposed to be the largest in England. The next low building on the east side of the connecting archway is fitted up as a guard-room; but the upper story contains a reading-room and library of large dimensions for the officers; the leading daily and weekly papers, reviews, magazines, and pe

men.

The royal military repository adjoins the t fields, and has within these few years be rounded by a regular fortification of sod on which are mounted all the different st cannon used in the defence of fortified town this establishment the royal artillery are whole of the duties of artillery in garrison, dergo such a course of instruction as is can to enable them to meet and to overcome any gency to which the peculiar nature of the service may render them liable on active ser

Here are two large pieces of water, on whe men are taught to lay pontoons, to transpa lery upon rafts, and all the different method can be adopted for the passage of troops rivers, &c. The repository grounds are tase laid out. The rotunda which was erected ton gardens, at the fête given by his presen jesty to the emperor of Russia and the Prussia, was removed to this place, and he formed into a model room: its interior dine

are immense.

In a shed near the model-room is the he which the remains of the late emperor were conveyed to his grave in St. Helena

The Royal Military Academy was erecte royal arsenal about the year 1719, but it d!

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