many ages by the Saxons, even as late as the reign of Edgar, the former being spent in the church, and employed in prayer. And the wakes, and all the other holidays in the year, were put upon the same footing with the octaves of Christmas, Easter, and of Pentecost. When Gregory recommended the festival of the patron saint, he advised the people to erect booths of branches about the church on the day of the festival, and to feast and be merry in them with innocence. Accordingly, in every parish, on the returning anniversary of the saint, little pavilions were constructed of boughs, and the people indulged in them in hospitality and mirth. The feasting of the saint's day, however, was soon abused; and even in the body of the church, when the people were assembled for devotion, they began to mind diversions and to introduce drinking. The growing intemperance gradually stained the service of the vigil, till the festivity of it was converted, as it now is, into the rigor of a fast. At length they too justly scandalised the Puritans of the seventeenth century, and numbers of the wakes were disused entirely, especially in the east and some western parts of England; but they are commonly observed in the north, and in the midland counties. This custom of celebrity in the neighbourhood of the church, on the days of particular saints, was introduced into England from the continent, and must have been familiar equally to the Britons and Saxons, being observed among the churches of Asia in the sixth century, and by those of the west of Europe in the seventh. And equally in Asia and Europe, on the continent and in the islands, the celebrities were the causes of those commercial marts which we denominate fairs. The people resorted in crowds to the festival, and a considerable provision would be wanted for their entertainment. The prospect of interest invited the little traders of the country to come and offer their wares; and thus, among the many pavilions for hospitality in the neighbourhood of the church, various booths were erected for the sale of different commodities. In larger towns, surrounded with populous districts, the resort of the people to the wakes would be great, and the attendance of traders numerous; and this resort and attendance constitute a fair.-Basil expressly mentions the numerous appearance of traders at these festivals in Asia, and Gregory notes the same custom to be common in Europe. And, as the festival was observed on a feria or holiday, it naturally assumed to itself, and as naturally communicated to the mart, the appellation of feria or fair. Indeed, several of our most ancient fairs appear to have been usually held, and have been continued to our time, on the original church holidays of the places: besides it is 8bservable that fairs were generally kept in churchyards, and even in the churches, and also on Sundays, till the indecency and scandal were so great as to need reformation.

WAKE, in navigation, the print or track impressed by the course of a ship on the surface of the water. It is formed by the reunion of the body of water which was separated by the ship's bottom whilst moving through it; and may be seen to a considerable distance behind the stern, as smoother than the rest of the sea. Hence it is usually observed by the compass, to discover the angle of leeway. A ship is said to be in the wake of another when she follows her on the same track, or a line supposed to be formed on the continuation of her

keel. Two distant objects observed at sea are called in the wake of each other, when the view of the farthest is intercepted by the nearest, so that the observer's eye and the two objects are all placed on the same right line.

WAKE (Sir Isaac), a miscellaneous writer, born in Northamptonshire, and elected fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and public orator to the university. He was sent ambassador to Venice and Savoy, on which occasion he was knighted. He wrote, 1. Rex Platonicus: 2. Discourse on the thirteen Cantons of the Helvetic League: 3. On the State of Italy: 4. On the Proceedings of the King of Sweden; &c. He died in 1632.

WAKE (William), D. D., a learned prelate, born at Blandford, Dorsetshire, in 1657. He became fellow of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1672. He graduated in 1689, and was made chaplain to William and Mary, canon of Christ's Church, rector of St. James's, in 1694; dean of Exeter in 1701; bishop of Lincoln in 1705; and archbishop of Canterbury in 1716. He had a great controversy with Dr. Atterbury about the Rights of Convocations; and corresponded with some French bishops about a union between the churches. Some account and extracts of this correspondence are published in Dr. Maclaine's translation of Mosheim's Church History. He published, 1. A Translation of the Epistles of the Apostolical Fathers, 8vo: 2. An Exposition of the Church Catechism: 3. Some Tracts against Popery: and several sermons. He died in 1737.

WAKEFIELD (Robert), a learned divine, born in the north of England, and educated at Cambridge. In 1519 he became professor of Hebrew at Louvain. Soon after he returned to England, was made king's chaplain to Henry VIII., professor of Hebrew at Oxford, and a canon of Christ Church. He wrote, 1. A Paraphrase on Ecclesiastes; 2. Syntagma Hebræorum; and other tracts. He died in 1537.

WAKEFIELD (Gilbert), A. B., a learned political writer, born at Nottingham, in 1756. He was educated by Mr. Wooddeson, at Kingston upon Thames. In 1772 he entered at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he took his degree. In 1776 he published some Latin poems, and Notes on Homer. In 1778 he took deacon's orders, and became curate of Stockport, whence he removed to Liverpool. In 1779 he married, left the church, and became tutor in the dissenting academy at Warrington. He published 1. Translations of St. Matthew, and the epistles to the Thessalonians. 2. An Enquiry into the Opinions of the Christian Writers of the first three centuries, concerning Jesus Christ, in 4 vols. 4. Silva Critica. 5. He next astonished his friends with a pamphlet against public worship. After the French revolution_he wrote some severe tracts against government. But his Letter to the Bishop of Llandaff subjected him and the printer to a prosecution, and two years imprisonment in Dorchester jail. He was liberated in May 1801, but died in September. As a classical scholar he had few equals, but he was both a Socinian and a republican, and of a temper singularly irritable and discontented. He published also Tragædiarum Græcarum delectus, 2 vols. 12mo.; and a superb edition of Lucretius, 3 vols. 4to.

WAKEFIELD, a market town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, situate on the river Calder,

eight miles and a half south of Leeds, and 180 north of London. The town consists chiefly of nine handsome built streets, paved, and lighted with gas, beautifully situate on an eminence sloping to the Calder, and is continually improving. The church is a lofty Gothic structure, with a high spire. An elegant new church, or chapel of ease, was erected towards the close of the eighteenth century. The Calvinists, Methodists, and other dissenters, have chapels in this town. The market cross consists of Doric columns supporting a dome, and has an ascent by a circular flight of stairs in the centre, leading to a room used as the town hall, in which the quarter-sessions for the West Riding and petty-sessions are held. The house of correction for the Riding, erected in 1770, is a noble building, and stands in an excellent and airy situation. The free grammar school is a good building, and is endowed with many benefactions. From it are several valuable exhibitions to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Of the other public buildings the chief are the new court, the new banks, the corn and auction marts, an elegant assembly room (attached to which is a library and news rooms), a neat theatre, a dispensary, an asylum for pauper lunatics, a charity school for clothing and instructing 106 boys and girls, and a cloth hall for exhibiting for sale the various woollen goods made here. The town has long been noted for its manufacture of woollen cloths and stuffs. The numerous manufactories here and in the neighbouring villages principally supply the markets at Leeds and Huddersfield; it has also an extensive trade in corn and coals. About the middle of September are horse races on a two mile course, on Wakefield-Outwood, two miles distant from the town. Wakefield has a navigation to Huddersfield by a canal from the Calder, in a line with the river Čolne; to Barnsley by a canal; and to Leeds by the Calder, joining the Aire, where their united streams fall into the river Ouse at Armin, near Howden. Over the river is a handsome stone bridge of nine arches; and a warehouse thereon, originally a chapel, still exhibits some curious Saracenic architecture. A little above the bridge is a dam which forms an admirable cascade. Market on Friday, at which there is a considerable trade in wool and grain. Fairs 4th and 5th of July, and 11th and 12th of November. The first and third for cattle, the latter is a statute fair; besides these there is every Wednesday fortnight a considerable sheep and cattle fair.

WALCHEREN, or WALEHERN, an island of the Netherlands, in the province of Zealand, situated at the mouth of the Scheldt, and only separated from the islands of Beveland by a narrow channel called the Sloe. If not the largest it is the most populous and best cultivated of the islands of Zealand; but the climate is wretched. It is of an oblong form; its length from north-west to southeast being about twelve miles; its breadth from north-east to south-west eight miles. It would be subject to inundations from the sea, were it not protected by strong dykes. The dyke of West Cappel in particular is of great size. This island contains the three towns of Middleburgh the capital, Flushing, and Veere. The villages are numerIt will long be memorable for the general sickness prevalent among the British troops during their occupation of it in 1809.

ous.

WALDO (Peter), a merchant of Lyons, who

flourished in the end of the eleventh century. Applying himself to the study of the Scriptures, and finding no warrant there for several of the Romish doctrines, particularly that of transubstan tiation, he publicly opposed them. His followers, who were from him called Waldenses, being chased from Lyons, spread over Dauphine and Provence; upon which Philip II. is said to have razed 300 gentlemen's seats, and destroyed several walled towns, to stop their growth; but this, instead of suppressing, spread them over a great part of Europe. The articles of their faith, which they drew up and dedicated to the king of France, agreed in most points with those of the present Protestants.

WALES, a country situated in the south-west part of Britain, into which the ancient Britons retired from the persecution of the Saxons. Anciently it was of greater extent than it is at present, and comprehended all the country beyond the Severn; that is, besides the twelve counties included in it at present, those of Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, which now are reckoned a part of England, were then inhabited by three different tribes of the Britons, viz. the Silures, the Dimete, and the Ordovices. The Romans were never able to subdue them till the reign of Vespasian, when they were reduced by Julius Frontinus, who placed garrisons in their country to keep them in awe. Though the Saxons made themselves masters of all England, they never got possession of Wales, except the counties of Monmouthshire and Herefordshire, formerly a part of Wales.

About 870 Roderic, king of Wales, divided it among his three sons; and the names of these divisions were Demetia, or South Wales; Povesia, or Powis-Land; and Venedotia, or North Wales. Another division is mentioned afterwards in the records, viz. North Wales, South Wales, and West Wales; the last comprehending the counties of Monmouth and Hereford. The country derived the name of Wales, and the inhabitants that of Welsh, from the Saxons, who by those terms denote a country and people to which they are strangers; for the Welsh in their own language call their country Cymry, and their language Cymraeg. They continued under their own princes and laws from the above-mentioned period, and were never entirely subjected to the crown of England till the reign of Edward I., when Llewellin ap Gryffith, prince of Wales, lost both his life and dominions. Edward, the better to secure his conquest, and to reconcile the Welsh to a foreign yoke, sent his queen to lie in at Caernarvon, where she was delivered of a prince; to whom the Welsh on that account the more readily submitted. On this occasion, Edward used a very pardonable piece of policy. Calling together the Welsh nobles, be took their oath, that they would choose a prince of their own blood royal, whom he would recommend, and a native, who could not speak a word of English. Ever since that time the eldest sons of the kings of England have commonly been created princes of Wales, and as such enjoy certain revenues from that country. As to the character of the Welsh, they are a brave hospitable people; and, though very jealous of affronts, passionate, and hasty, yet are easily reconciled. The common people look with a suspicious eye on strangers, and bear an hereditary grudge to the English nation, by whom their ancestors were expelled from the finest parts

of the island. The gentlemen are apt to value themselves upon the antiquity of their families. All the gentry both in town and country can speak English, especially in the counties bordering upon England. The common people in general only speak their own language, which is the ancient British; and not only differs entirely from the English, but has very little affinity with any of the western tongues, except the Gaelic, Erse, or Irish. It is said to be a dialect of the ancient Celtic, and in many respects to resemble the Hebrew. Most of the clergy are natives of the country, and understand English so well that they could exercise their functions in any part of Britain. The public worship, however, is as often performed in Welsh as in English, excepting in the towns, where the latter is the prevailing language. The country, though mountainous, especially in North Wales, is far from being barren. The hills, besides the metals and minerals they contain, feeding vast herds of small black cattle, deer, sheep, and goats, and their valleys abounding in corn, as their seas and rivers do in fish. Here are also wood, coal, and turf for fuel, in abundance. Wales is bounded on all sides by the Severn, except on the east, where it joins the counties of Chester, Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth. Its length, from the south part of Glamorganshire to the extremity of Flintshire north, is computed at about 113 miles; and its greatest breadth, from the Wey east, to St. David's in Pembrokeshire west, is nearly of the same dimensions, about ninety miles. After the conquest of Wales by Edward I. very material alterations were made in their laws, to bring them nearer to the English standard, especially in the forms of their judicial proceedings; but they still retain very much of their original polity, particularly their rule of inheritance, viz. that their lands are divided equally among all the issue male, and do not descend to the eldest son alone. By other subsequent statutes their provincial immunities were still farther abridged; but the finishing stroke to their independency was given by stat. 27 Hen. VIII., c. 26, which at the same time gave the utmost advancement to their civil prosperity, by admitting them to a thorough communication of laws with the subjects of England. Thus were this brave people gradually conquered into the enjoyment of true liberty; being insensibly put upon the same footing, and made fellow citizens, with their conquerors. It is enacted by 27 Hen. VIII., 1. That the dominion of Wales shall be for ever united to the kingdom of England. 2. That all Welshmen born shall have the same liberties as other king's subjects. 3. That lands in Wales shall be inheritable according to the English tenures and rules of descent. 4. That the laws of England, and no other, shall be used in Wales: besides many other regulations of the police of this principality. And 34 and 35 Hen. VIII., c. 26, confirms the same, adds farther regulations, divides it into twelve counties, and in short reduces it into the same order in which it stands at this day; differing from the kingdom of England in only a few particulars, and those too of the nature of privileges (such as having courts within itself, independent of the process of Westminster-hall), and some other immaterial peculiarities, hardly more than are to be found in many counties of England itself. It appears that there are in Wales 900,000 acres arable, and 2,600,000 pasturage, leaving 1,700,000 VOL. XI

acres in a state of waste, of which quantity about 700,000 acres are capable of being brought into cultivation. The principality is divided into North and South Wales, containing twelve counties. North Wales comprehends the counties of Anglesea, Carnarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Merioneth, and Montgomery; and South Wales, the counties of Brecknock, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Glamorgan, Pembroke, and Radnor. The whole contains 751 parishes, and fifty-eight market towns. The amount of the sum raised for the maintenance of the poor, in 1815, was £298,251, which was at the rate of 2s. 94d. in the pound. The amount of the rate under the act granting a tax on property, in 1815, was £2,153,801. Wales sends twenty-four members to parliament, viz. one for each county, and one for the principal town in each county, except that of Merioneth, in the room of which two towns in the county of Pembroke each send one member.

The general aspect of the principality is bold and romantic, consisting of almost continued ranges of lofty mountains, and impending craggs, intersected by numerous deep ravines, with extensive valleys. The principal range in North Wales is that of which the lofty Snowdon occupies the centre. In South Wales the mountains are not so considerable, yet they are far from being deficient in elevation. Among these, numerous lakes are scattered, and, though none of them are of remarkable magnitude, many are distinguished for the beauty of the surrounding scenery. The language, manners, and customs, of Wales are still widely different from those of England. In point of population and fertility, South Wales has by far the superiority over the North; and, although the whole is very mountainous, its produce is fully sufficient for its abstemious inhabitants. Those counties bordering on the sea-coast have a mild climate, but are wet; and the interior parts have the usual sharpness of other mountainous regions, though, on the whole, the air in general is highly salubrious, and the country healthy. The cattle in general are small, but the flesh is particularly good, and provisions in general are reasonable. Numbers of goats are wild among the mountains.

Wales is distinguished for the profusion of its rivers and streams; the principal are the Severn, Dee, Wye, Uske, Conway, Clwyd, and Tivy. Most of these streams are valuable for their fisheries, and many of its rivers, aided by numerous canals, are of the first importance to its commercial prosperity. The whole of Wales is distinguished for the abundance of its mineral productions. Silver, lead, iron, quartz, copper, spar, coals, &c., are found in many parts. The agriculture of Wales is also in a course of rapid improvement. Travelling has also been greatly facilitated by the attention which has recently been given to the better construction of the roads.

The commerce of the principality arises from its numerous manufactories of flannels, webs, stockings, wigs, gloves, sacks, cottons, and cotton-twist, and principally from its extensive establishments of copper, iron, tin-plates, and lead-works. It contains a great number of roadsteads and harbours, some of which are extremely commodious, and many may be made so by the erection of piers and other improvements. Ecclesiastically Wales is in the province of York; and is divided into the dioceses of St. David's, Bangor, Llandaff, and St.

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Asapn; legally, it is divided into four circuits, viz. the Chester circuit, for the counties of Chester, Flint, Denbigh, and Montgomery; the Northern circuit for Anglesea, Carnarvon, and Merioneth; the South-Eastern circuit for Radnor, Brecon, and Glamorgan; and the South-Western circuit for Pembroke, Cardigan, and Carmarthen.

WALES, NEW SOUTH, an extensive tract of country on the eastern coast of NEW HOLLAND (which see), discovered by captain Cook in the year 1770, on a course, which, if laid down in a straight line, of no less than 27° of lat., amounting to nearly 2000 miles. After hovering about the coast for some time, he at length came to an anchorage in the only harbour which appeared to him commodious; and which, in consequence of the innumerable varieties of herbage which were found on shore, he called Botany Bay. Governor Philip was sent to this new continent, where he arrived on the 20th of January, 1788, with 800 convicts, and a portion of marines, and laid the foundation of the new settlement, which continued gradually to improve until the close of the year 1792. The infant colony encountered numberless difficulties, partly from the profligate habits of the convicts, which were constantly producing disorders, and partly from other obstructions incident to new establishments in unsettled countries. It nevertheless increased, though sometimes brought to the verge of destruction by want of provisions; and in the year 1800 contained, including the settlers in Norfolk island, 6000 inhabitants. In 1801 a great flood took place in the river Hawkesbury, which rose about seventy or eighty feet; and, as the chief cultivation of the colony lay along its banks, this calamity threatened a general famine. The progress of the colony has been frequently retarded by similar accidents. In 1809 the population had increased to 9356, of whom upwards of 6000 supported themselves. According to the latest accounts, the number of inhabitants in the various towns and districts belonging to Port Jackson amounted to 16,664, of whom there were

6297 convicts.

The British settlements in this quarter contain the town of Sydney, which is the capital of New South Wales, and is about seven miles distant from the head of Port Jackson; also the town of Paramatta, which is situated at the head of Port Jackson harbour, at the distance of about eighteen miles by water, and fifteen by land, from Sidney; Windsor, which is thirty-five miles distant from Sydney westward, and is situated near the confluence of the South creek with the Hawkesbury; Liverpool, eighteen miles from Sydney. There is also a small settlement in the district of Coal River, about sixty miles northward of Port Jack son, where the town of Newcastle is situated. This is the place of transportation for criminals from Botany Bay, and contains between 400 and 500 of these incorrigible offenders, besides thirty free settlers, and fifty troops.

For a long period, the Blue Mountains formed an impassable boundary to the east. But, in the course of the summer of 1813, a passage across these mountains was attempted by a party of gentlemen, who were anxious to find pasture for their flocks during this trying season. They accordingly succeeded, after great difficulties, in penetrating across this difficult ridge, when they

discovered a fine champaign country, extending many miles before them, and watered by many fine streams. A carriage road has been since constructed across these mountains to the distance of upwards of 100 miles. In order to prosecute farther discoveries into the interior, an expedition was sent out in 1817 to trace to its termination a large river running into the interior, and named the Lachlan This expedition was under the direction of Mr. Oxley; and, after a fatiguing journey, the termination of the river was traced into an extensive swamp. Another expedition was fitted out in 1818, for the purpose of exploring the Macquarrie, a still more important stream, which, like the former, took its course into the interior, and which was also found to terminate in extensive morasses, spreading far and wide over an extensive flat, where there was no outlet for the collected waters from the higher grounds. From this point the party proceeded westward in a direct course for the coast. Their course lay through a swampy country at first; but afterwards the country improved, and was occasionally both fertile and well watered. On crossing the Blue Mountains, they found a beautiful river, which they called Hastings River, which terminated in the ocean, by a conve nient estuary, which they named Port Macquarie, in lat. 31° 25′ S.

WALES, in a ship, an assemblage of strong planks extending along a ship's side, throughout her whole length, at different heights, and serving to reinforce the decks, and form the curves by which the vessel appears light and graceful on the water. As the wales are framed of planks broader and thicker than the rest, they resemble ranges of hoops encircling the sides and bows. They are usually distinguished into the main-wale and the channelwale. The situation of the wales, being ascertamed by no invariable rule, is generally submitted to the fancy and judgment of the builder.

WALES (William), F. R. S., an English astrono mer and mathematician, was born in 1734. Having! visited Hudson's Bay, in 1769, he published an account of his observations made there on the tran sit of Venus, and was afterwards the astronomer on the voyage of discovery undertaken by captain Cook. Mr. Wales accompanied that celebrated circum navigator on both his first voyages, of which he kept a journal, afterwards printed under the title of Astronomical Observations in the Southern Hemisphere, 4to. He was also the author of a treatise On the Achronical Rising of the Constella tion Pleiades, inserted by Dr. Vincent in his Nearchus; On the Discovery of the Longitude by means of Time-pieces; Remarks on Forster's Account of Cook's last Voyage; Enquiry into the Population of England and Wales; Robertson's Elements of Navigation improved; and Restoration of a Work of Apollonius; besides a variety of papers in the Philosophical Transactions. At the time of his decease, which took place in 1798, he filled the situations of mathematical master at Christ's Hosp tal, and secretary to the board of longitude.

WALET, a city of Central Africa, capital of the kingdom of Beeroo. It has never been visited by any European, but is, according to Park, large than Tombuctoo. Its trade is chiefly confined to salt. It has been supposed, on pretty plausible grounds, to be the Ulil, which Edrisi represents supplying all the countries on the Niger with salt

and was described as ten days journey from Benowm, and eleven from Tombuctoo.

en.

WALK, v. n., v. A., Saxon pealcan, to roll; WALKER, [& n. s.Belg. walken; Teut. walckWALK'INGSTAFF. To move by steps; come or go; move at a slow pace; be in motion; act: as a verb active, to pass through; lead: the act of walking; gait; step; exercise; avenue; way; space the noun substantives correspond.

The Lord hath blessed thee; he knoweth thy walking through this wilderness. Deut. ii. 7. Do justly, love mercy, and walk humbly with thy God. Micah. The mountains are his walks, who wandering feeds On slowly springing herbs. Sandy's Paraphrase.

As she went, her tongue did walk

In foul reproach, and terms of vile despight;
Provoking him by her outrageous talk.

Sir, walk in.

-I had rather walk here, I thank you.

Spenser,

Shakspeare.

WALKER (Clement), esq., a celebrated English historian, born at Cliffe in Dorsetshire, and educated at Christ's Church, Oxford, after which he retired to his estate in Somersetshire. Under Charles I. he was usher of the exchequer, and M. P. for Wells. He was a zealous Presbyterian, and so great an enemy to Cromwell and the Independents, that he was sent to the Tower, where he died in 1651. He wrote, 1. The History of Independency, which contains many curious particulars no where else to be found. 2. The High Court of Justice, or Cromwell's Slaughter-house, 4to., and other works.

WALKER (Sir Edward), an English historian, born in Somersetshire. In 1639 he was made secretary at war; and was present in the royal army at the battle of Edgehill. See ENGLAND. In 1643 he was appointed garter king at arms, and knighted. After 1660 he became a clerk of the privy-council. He wrote, 1. Historical Discourses, folio. 2. Order of the Ceremonies at the Celebration of St. George's Feast at Windsor, in 1674. 3. Acts of the Knights of the Garter in the Civil Wars, &c. He died suddenly in 1676.

WALKER (George), a celebrated Irish Protestant divine, who bravely defended Londonderry in 1689 against the troops of James II., till it was effectually relieved. He was slain at the battle of the Boyne in 1690.

WALKER (John), D. D., an English divine, born in Devonshire. He became rector of St. Mary's, Exeter. He wrote An Attempt towards Recovering an Account of the Sufferings of the Clergy in the Great Rebellion, folio, 1714; for which the university of Oxford made him D. D. He died in 1725.

WALKER (Obadiah), an English divine, born in Yorkshire, and educated at Oxford where he was fellow; but was deprived by the parliament in 1648. He recovered his place in 1660, and in 1676 was chosen master. But in 1685 he turned Papist, and published a virulent invective against Luther; for which, in 1689, he was deprived of his place. He went to London, lived with his old pupil Dr. Radcliffe, and died in 1698.

WALKER (Robert), D. D., a late eminent clergyman of the church of Scotland, who was many years minister of the High Church at Edinburgh, and colleague of the celebrated Dr. Blair. He published 4 vols. of sermons, and several tracts on theology. He died in 1788.

WALKER (Robert), chief painter to Oliver Cromwell, whose portrait he painted oftener than once. He lived in Arundel house. Walker died in 1670.

WALKER (William), a learned grammarian and divine, born in 1625, who was successively master of Lowth and Grantham schools. Sir Isaac Newton was his pupil. He became rector of Collingworth in Lincolnshire, where he died in 1684, aged sixty-one. He published several tracts on Grammar, Rhetoric, and Logic; but his chief work is A Treatise on English Particles.

WALKER (Adam), a late learned writer, was a native of Westmoreland, in which county his father was a small woollen manufacturer. He was born in 1731, and his turn for mechanics developed itself early. He employed his leisure hours in the construction of models of corn, paper, and fulling-mills, which he erected in miniature on a little brook near his father's dwelling; and, having borrowed a few books, built himself a hut in the neighbouring thicket. An offer of a situation as usher in the school at Ledsham, in the west riding of Yorkshire, drew him from home at the age of fifteen, in which capacity he so far improved his opportunities as to qualify himself for the mathematical mastership in the free school at Macclesfield. In this town he also engaged in business, but trade appears not to have suited him, and, becoming bankrupt, he is said to have entertained at one time an intention of passing the remainder of his life as an anchorite in one of the small islands of Windermere. Fortunately a public lecture on astronomy, delivered by him at Manchester, decided his future prospects; 2 M 2