increase. By 37 Hen. VIII. c. 9, the rate of interest was fixed at £10 per cent. per annum ; which the stat. 13 Eliz. c. 8 confirms, and ordains that all brokers shall be guilty of a præmunire that transact any contracts for more; and the securities themselves shall be void. The stat. 21 Jac. I. c. 17 reduced the interest to £8 per cent.; and it having been lowered in 1650, during the usurpation, to £6 per cent., the same reduction was reenacted after the restoration by stat 12 Car. II. c. 13, and lastly, the stat 12 Annæ, st, 2. c. 16, has reduced it to £5 per cent. Wherefore not only all contracts for taking more are in themselves totally void, but also the lender shall forfeit the money borrowed. Also if any scrivener or broker takes more than 5s. per cent. procuration-money, or more than 12d. for making a bond, he shall forfeit £20 with costs, and shall suffer imprisonment for half a year. Many efforts have been made in modern times to obtain a revision by parliament of our asury laws, but hitherto without avail. By 38 Geo. III. c. 93, reciting that by the laws in force all contracts and assurances whatsoever for payments of money, made for a usurious consideration, are utterly void; and also reciting that in the course of mercantile transactions negociable securities often pass into the hands of persons who have discounted the same, without any knowledge of the original considerations for which the same were given; and that the avoidance of such securities in the hands of such bona fide indorsees without notice is attended with great hardship and injustice it is enacted that no bill of exchange, or promissory note (drawn or made after the passing the act), shall, though it may have been given for a usurious consideration, or upon a usurious contract, be void in the hands of an indorsee for a valuable consideration, unless such indorsee had, at the time of discounting or paying such consideration for the same, actual notice that such bill or note had been originally given for a usurious consideration, or upon a usurious contract.' It may be doubted whether this act received all the consideration due to the subject; and whether an exception ought not to have been made as to the first and immediate indorsees of the parties to the usury, which latter seem the principal persons benefited by the act. For a statement of the general arguments in the late discussions on this subject, see Evans's Collection of Statutes, part. III., Class v. note on the statute 37 Hen. VIII. c. 9. UTAWAS RIVER, a river of North America. which forms the boundary between Upper and Lower Canada, and makes part of that succession of lakes and rivers by which the fur traders of Canada penetrate into the interior. It has its source in the mountains, and, after a course of more than 400 miles, falls into the St. Lawrence in the vicinity of Montreal. It receives in its course the waters of the lake Timmiskamain. It is sometimes called Montreal River. UTENHOVIUS (Charles), a native of Ghent, who was an eminent and learned critic in the dead !anguages. He published Poems in Greek and Latin, on various subjects; and died at Cologr in 1600. UTEN'SIL, n. s. Fr. utensile; low Lat. utensile. An instrument for common use. Burn but his books; he has brave utensils, Which, when he has a house, he'll deck withall. Shakspeare. UTERUS, in anatomy. See ANATOMY. UTICA, in ancient geography, a town of Africa Propria, on the Mediterranean; a Tyrian colony, and older than Carthage (Sil. Italicus); its name, according to Bochart, denoting old; reckoned second to it; but, after the destruction of Carthage, it became the capital and centre of all the Roman transactions in Africa, according to Strabo; who adds, that it stood on the same bay with Carthage, at one of the promontories called Apollonium, bounding the bay on the west side, the other to the east called Hermeia, being at Carthage. It became famous by the suicide of Cato, thence called Uticensis. UTILITY, n. s. Fr. utilité; Lat. utilitas. Usefulness; profit; convenience. Applied only to things. Those things which have long gone together are confederate; whereas new things piece not so well; but though they help by their utility, yet they trouble by their inconformity. Bacon. M. Zulichem desired me that I would give a relation of the cure of the gout, that might be made publick, as a thing which might prove of common utility to so great numbers as were subject to that disease. Temple. UTMOST, adj. & n. s. Sax. uzmært, from utten. Extreme; placed at the extremity; in the highest degree: as a noun substantive the most that can be. Where he shall answer by a lawful form, I'll undertake to bring him, I will be free, Shakspeare. Id. Even to the utmost as I please in words. -I have, to the utmost. A man, having carefully enquired into all the grounds of probability and unlikeliness, and done his utmost to inform himself in all particulars, may come to acknow. Locke. ledge on which side the probability rests. UTRECHT, one of the provinces of the Netherlands, bounded on the west by Holland, on the north by the Zuyder Zee, and on the east by Gelderland. The soil in some parts is sandy, and fit for little but raising wood; in general, however, it affords good pasture. The extent of the province is about 490 square miles; its population is about 110,000. It is traversed by branches of the Rhine. Its exports are confined to cattle, cheese, and corn; the latter in small quantity. It seuds eight deputies to the representative body, and is divided into nine cantons. UTRECHT, a well known city of the Netherlands, capital of the preceding province, is situated on the Old Rhine, by which it is divided into two parts. It is healthy, and exempt from the disadvantages of damp, so common in Dutch towns. Nothing can surpass the beauty of the approaches; particularly that from Amsterdam, which consists of a broad avenue, bordered with rows of trees. Of a form nearly square, Utrecht is surrounded with an earthen mound and moat; and, exclusive of the suburbs, is about three miles in circuit. Its population is about 35,000. Of the public edifices, the most remarkable is the cathedral. A considerable part is now in ruins, but the tower, which still remains, is a very remarkable object. Its height is said to be 464 feet; and from its top may be seen, in a clear day, no less than fifty-one towns great and small. The townhouse is a good structure; other objects worthy of notice are the charitable establishments, hospitals, &c. The Mall, situated outside the walls, is upwards of a mile in length, and bordered with a triple row of trees. The ramparts likewise form an agreeable walk. The university of Utrecht is of considerable note, and was founded in 1630; it has professors in the classics, mathematics, medicine, divinity, and law. Attached are a library, an anatomical theatre, a botanical garden, a cabinet of natural history, and an observatory. The town likewise possesses a hall of paintings, schools for the fine arts, and several valuable private libraries. This is the first town in the Dutch provinces where the traveller coming from the westward perceives an uneven surface, and begins to exchange the monotony of Holland, for the diversified scenery of Gelderland. It was the birth place of pope Adrian VI.; and is memorable as the place where, in 1579, was concluded the union of the seven provinces, and in 1713 the well known treaty of peace between the allies and French. Eighteen miles S. S. E. of Amsterdam. UTRERA, a fortified town of Andalusia, Spain, situated on a steep eminence, of considerable height, at the foot of which flows a small river called the Carbonel. It is fourteen miles E. S. E. of Seville, and is considerably out of the right line from Cadiz to Seville; but as there is an immense tract of marshy land along the east bank of the Guadalquivir, called the Maresma, which is impassable for horses or carriages in rainy weather, the great road between these two cities passes through Utrera. Population 9000. ÚTRICULARIA, in botany, water milfoil, a genus of plants of the class of diandria, and order of monogynia; and in the natural system arranged under the twenty-fourth order, corydales. The calyx is ringent, with a nectarium resembling a spur; the corolla diphyllous and equal; the capsule unilocular. There are nine species; two of which are natives of Britain. They have been applied to no particular use. Sax. urten. Outer; situate on the outside, or remote from the centre; extreme: to UTTERMOST, adj. & n. s. let out; disclose; declare; vend utterance is extremity; terms of extreme hostility (obsolete); expression, particularly sad expression: an utterer is a vender; discloser; divulger: utterly, fully; completely: uttermost, extreme; being in the highest degree: the highest degree. Raleigh. There is nowhere any nation so utterly lost to all things of law and morality, as not to believe the exist ence of God. Wilkins He was so utterly tired with an employment so con. trary to his humour, that he did not consider the means that would lead him out of it. Clarendon. Pursue these sons of darkness; drive them out From all heaven's bounds into the utter deep. Milt. I meant my words should not reach your ears; but what I uttered was most true. Dryden. Many a man thinks admirably well who has a poor utterance; while others have a charming manner of speech, but their thoughts are trifling. Watts. UTTOXETER, a market-town in Totmonslow hundred, Staffordshire, situate on the river Dove, six miles from Abbot's-Bromley, and 135 northwest of London. The inhabitants are employed in trade and manufactures, principally in the various branches of ironmongery, the town being nearly surrounded with forges. It is situate on a rising ground, and has several good streets, with a large open market-place in the centre. It carries on a considerable traffic, communicating, by its navigation, with the Trent, Thames, Avon, &c, which also communicate with London, and the Eastern and Western Oceans. The town is remarkable for the longevity of its inhabitants. The church is an ancient edifice, and here are severa meeting-houses for dissenters, and a free-school. The market on Wednesday is noted for its great supply of cheese, butter, hogs, corn, and all kinds of provisions. Fairs, May 6th, July 31st, and September 1st and 19th. Patrons the dean and canons of Windsor. UVARIA, in botany, a genus of plants in the class of polyandria, and order of polygynia; ranking according to the natural method in the fifty-second order, coadunatæ. UVE'OUS, adj. Lat. uva. The uveous coat, or iris, of the eye, has a musculous power, and can dilate and contract that round hole ia it, called the pupil. Ray on the Creation. VUISTA, the name given by Buchanan to the isle of Unst. VULCAN, in Pagan worship, the god of subterraneous fire and metals, was the son of Jupiter and Juno; and was said to be so remarkably de formed, that his father threw him down from hea ven to the isle of Lemnos, in which fall he broke his leg, and there he set up his forge, and taught men how to soften and polish brass and iron. Shall not they teach thee and tell thee, and utter words Thence he removed to the Liparian isles, near Si cily, where, by the assistance of the Cyclops, he made Jupiter's thunderbolts, and armour for the other gods. Notwithstanding the deformity of his out of their heart? Job viii. 10. There needeth neither promise nor persuasion to make her do her uttermost for her father's service. Sid. person, he had a passion for Minerva, and by Ju- Fr. vulgaire; Latin vulgaris. Plebeian; suiting to or practised by the common people; mean; low; the common people: vulgarism is grossness; meanness; a low speech or word: vulgarity, meanness; lowness: the adverb corresponding with the adjective. Do you hear ought of a battle toward? -Most sure, and vulgar; every one hears that. Shakspeare. Those men, and their adherents, were then looked upon by the affrighted vulgar as greater protectors of their laws and liberties than myself. King Charles. He that believes himself incapable of pardon, goes on without thought of reforming; such an one we call vulgarly a desperate person. Hammond. The most considering and wisest men, in all ages and nations, have constantly differed from the vulgar in their thought. Wilkins. Is the grandesophos of Persius, and the sublimity of Juvenal, to be circumscribed with the meanness of words, and vulgarity of expression. Dryden. Men who have passed all their time in low and vulgar life, cannot have a suitable idea of the several beauties and blemishes in the actions of great men. Addison. The great events of Greek and Roman fable and history, which early education and the usual course of reading, have made familiar and interesting to all Europe, without being degraded by the vulgarism of ordinary life in any country. Reynolds. VULGATE, a very ancient Latin translation of the Bible, and the only one acknowledged by the church of Rome to be authentic. See BIBLE. VULNERABLE, adj. Fr. vulnerable; Latin vulnerabilis. Susceptive of wounds; liable to external injuries.. Let fall thy blade on vulnerable crests; I bear a charmed life. Shakspeare. Achilles, though dipt in Styx, yet having his heel untouched by that water, although he were fortified elsewhere, he was slain in that part, as only vulnerable in the inferior and brutal part. Browne. one species. The most remarkable are these :—1. V. aura, the carrion vulture, according to Mr. Latham, is about the size of a turkey, though it varies in size in different parts. The bill is white, the end black; irides bluish saffron-color. The head, and part of the neck, are bare of feathers; and of a red, or rather rufous color. The sides of the head warted, not unlike that of a turkey. The whole plumage is brown black, with a purple and green gloss in different reflections; but in some birds, especially young ones, greatly verging to dirty brown. The feathers of the quills and tail are blacker than the rest of the body. The legs are flesh-color; the claws black. These birds are very common in the West Indies, and both in north and south America. It feeds on dead carcases, snakes &c., like most of this genus; which makes the smell of it very offensive. In general it is very tame in its wild state, but particularly so when trained up from being young. In the West Indies rooks in this country. They are reckoned a most they roost together at night, in vast numbers, like useful animal in the places where they resort; which secures their safety, added to a penalty for killing one, which is in force in Jamaica and other islands of the West Indies. 2. V. gryphus, the condor, which is not only the largest of this genus, but perhaps of all others which are able to fly. The accounts of authors in regard to its extent of wing are various, viz. from nine to eighteen feet from the tip of one wing to that of the other. One gives it strength sufficient another ventures to affirm, that it can lift an elephant to carry off sheep, and boys of ten years old; while from the ground high enough to kill it by the fall! M. de Salerne says that one of this kind was shot in France in 1719, whose extent of wing was eighin a museum in this country :-It has an extent of teen feet. The following is the description of one wing somewhat under eleven feet, the bill is strong, moderately hooked, and blunt at the tip, which is white, the rest of it a dusky color. On the top of the head runs a kind of carunculated substance, standing up like the comb of a cock. The head and neck are slightly covered with brown down, in some parts nearly bare, and here and there a carunculated part, as in the neck of a turkey. The lower part of the neck is surrounded with a ruff of a pure white and hairy kind of feathers. The upper parts of the body, wing, and garl, are black, except that the middle wing coverts have whitish ends, and the greater coverts half black, half white. The nine or ten first quills are black, the rest white, with the tips only black; and, when the wings are closed, producing the appearance of the bird having the back white. The under parts of the body are raThere is an intercourse between the magnetick un- ther slightly covered with feathers; but those of guent and the vulnerated body. Glanville. the thighs are pretty long. The legs are stout and VULPENITE. Color grayish-white. Massive. brown claws black and blunt. These birds are Splendent. Fracture foliated. Fragments rhom- said to make their nest among the inaccessible boidal. In distinct granular concretions. Trans- rocks, and to lay two white eggs, larger than those lucent on the edges. Soft. Brittle. Specific of a turkey; they are very destructive to sheep, gravity 2-878. It melts easily before the blow- and will in troops often attempt calves; in which pipe into a white opaque enamel. Its constituents case, some of them first pick out the eyes, whilst are, sulphate of lime 92, silica 8. It occurs along others attack the poor animal on all sides, and soon with granular foliated limestone at Vulpino in Italy. tear him to pieces. This gives rise to the following VULTUR, in ornithology, a genus of birds be- stratagem, used by the peasants of Chili:-One of longing to the order accipitres. The beak is them wraps himself up in the hide of a fresh killed straight and crooked at the point; the head has no sheep or ox, and lies still on the ground; the confeathers; on the fore part being only naked skin; dor, supposing it to be lawful prey, flies down to and the tongue is generally bifid. There are twenty-secure it, when the person concealed lays hold of VULNERA'RY, adj. Fr. vulneraire; Lat. vulnerarius. Useful in the cure of wounds. Try whether the same effect will not ensue by common vulnerary plaisters. Browne. I kept the orifice open, and prescribed him vulneraries. VULNERATE, v. a. Lat. vulnero. To wound; to hurt. the legs of the bird, his hands being well covered with gloves; and immediately his comrades, who are concealed at a distance, run in, and assist to secure the depredator, by falling on him with sticks till they have killed him. 3. V. harpyia. See FALCO. 4. V. oricou, a species discovered by M. Vaillant at Orange River, South Africa. It is above three feet high, and eight or nine in breadth between the tips of the wings. Its feathers, the general hue of which is a light brown, are on the breast, belly, and sides, of unequal lengths, curved like the blade of a sabre, and bristle up distinct from each other. The feathers, thus separated, would disclose to view the naked skin on the breast, if it were not completely covered with a very thick and beautiful white down, which is easily seen between the ruffled plumage. A celebrated naturalist says, 'that no bird has eye-lashes or eye-brows, or hair round the eyes, like that in quadrupeds'; but this is a mistake. Not only the oricou has this peculiarity, but many other species; such as all the culaos, the secretary (see FALCO) and several other birds of prey. Besides these eye-lashes, the oricou has stiff black hairs on its throat. All the head and part of the neck are bare; and the naked skin, which is reddish, is variegated with blue, violet, and white. The ear in its external circumference is bounded by a prominent skin, which forms a sort of rounded couch, prolonged for some inches down the neck, that must heighten the faculty of hearing.' 'Its strength,' says Vaillant, 'must be great, if we judge from its muscles and sinews,' and he thinks it is the strongest of birds, not excepting the famous condor. 5. V. perenopterus, the Egyptian vulture. The appearance of this bird is as horrid as can well be imagined, viz. the face is naked and wrinkled; the eyes are large and black: the beak black and hooked; the talons large, and extending ready for prey; and the whole body polluted with filth; these are qualities enough to make the beholder shudder with horror. Notwithstanding this, the inhabitants of Egypt cannot be enough thankful to Providence for this bird. All the places round Cairo are filled with the dead bodies of asses and camels; and thousands of these birds fly about and devour the carcases before they putrefy and fill the air with noxious exhalations. The inhabitants of Egypt, and after them Maillet in his description of Egypt, say, that they yearly follow the caravan to Mecca, and devour the filth of the slaughtered beasts, and the carcases of the camels which die on the journey. They do not fly high, nor are they afraid of men. If one of them is killed, all the rest surround him in the same manner as do the royston crows; they do not quit the places they frequent though frightened by the explosion of a gun, but immediately return. Maillet imagines this bird to be the ibis of the ancients; but it is scarcely to be imagined that a wise nation should pay such honors to an unclean, impure, and rapacious bird which was not perhaps so common before the Egyptians filled the streets with carcases. If the ibis is to be found, it must certainly be looked for in the order of gralla of Linné; and we imagine it to be the white stork (ardea ciconia), which is so common in Egypt. The Arabians call it rochæme; the French, when in Egypt, gave it the name of chapon de Pharaon, or de Mahometh. See SOUDAN. 6. V. sagittarius, or secretary, is a most singular species, being particularly remarkable from the great length of its legs; which at first sight would! induce one to think it belonged to waders: but the characters of the vulture are so strongly marked throughout, as to leave no doubt to which class it belongs. The bird, when standing erect, is full three feet from the top of the head to the ground. The bill is black, sharp, and crooked, like that of an eagle; the head, neck, breast, and upper parts of the body, are of a bluish ash color: the legs are very long, stouter than those of a heron, and of a brown color; claws shortish, but crooked, not very sharp, and of a black color; from the hindhead springs a number of long feathers, which hang loose behind, like a pendent crest; these feathers arise by pairs, and are longer as they are lower down on the neck; this crest the bird can erect or depress at pleasure; it is of a dark color, almost black; the webs are equal on both sides, and ra ther curled; and the feathers, when erected, some what incline towards the neck; the two middle feathers of the tail twice as long as any of the rest. This singular species inhabits the internal parts of Africa, and is frequently seen at the Cape of Good Hope. It is also met with in the Philippine islands, As to the manners of this bird, it is on all bands allowed that it principally feeds on rats, lizards, snakes, and the like; and that it will become fimiliar: whence Sonnerat is of opinion, that it might be made useful in some of our colonies, if encour aged, towards the destruction of those pests. They call it at the Cape of Good Hope flangeater, i. e. snake eater. A great peculiarity belongs to it perhaps observed in no other; which is, the faculty of striking forwards with its legs, never backwards. Dr. Solander has seen one of these birds take up a snake, small tortoise, or such like, in its claws; when dashing it thence against the ground with great violence, if the victim was not killed at first, it repeated the operation till that end was answered; after which it ate it up quietly. Dr. J. R. Forster mentioned a further circumstance, which he says was supposed to be peculiar to this bird; the should it by any accident break the leg, the bone would never unite again. 7. V. Serpentarius. See FALCO. Nor the night raven that still deadly yells, By an instrument bended up at one end, I got up behind the uvula. Wiseman's Surgery, UVULAR GLANDS. See ANATOMY. UVULARIA, in botany, Pennsylvanian Solomon's seal, a genus of plants, in the class of hexandria, and order of monogynia; and, according to the natural method, ranking in the eleventh order, sarmentosæ. It is a native of Pennsylvania. The characters of this genus are, that they have but one style and six petals, and are naked, i. e. without any calyx. UXBRIDGE, a market-town and chapelry in Hillingdon parish, Elthorne hundred, Middlesex, fifteen miles west of London, consists of one street, 1 nearly a mile in length; the river Coln runs in two streams at the west end, having a new stone bridge over the main branch; that part of the town, in the liberties of the township of Hillingdon, still remains unpaved, but the rest is paved and lighted by virtue of a late act. The church, or chapel of ease, is a good building, and was erected in the reign of Henry VI.; near it is a very commodious market-house. The church-yard lies at some distance from the church. In a parallel line with the river, running from south to north, passes the Grand Junction Canal, from the Thames at New Brentford, on its way to join the Braunston and other canals, in the midland and northern counties. Near the canal is an ancient building called the Treaty House, from its being the place where the commissioners of Charles I. and the parliament met in 1644. The town is governed by a high constable, two constables, and four headboroughs. During the summer season, a passage boat arrives daily, by the canal from Paddington, about two o'clock, and returns the same evening. Uxbridge is principally noted for its very great corn market, and for its opulent mealmen, and gives the title of earl to the family of Paget. Fairs, March 25th, July 31st, September 29th, and October 11th. Market Thursday. UX'ORIOUS, adj. Latin urorius. SubmisUXO'RIOUSLY, adv. S sively fond of a wife; infected with connubial dotage: the adverb corresponding. That uxorious king, whose heart, though large, UZ, or Urz, the country and place of residence of Job. In the genealogy of the patriarchs there are three persons called Uz, either of which might give this district its name. The first was the grandson of Sem, by his son Aram (Gen. xxii. 23), who, according to Josephus, occupied the Trachonitis, and Damascus, to the north of Palestine: but Job was among the sons of the east. Another Uz was the son of Nahor, Abraham's brother (Gen. x. 21), who appears to have removed, after passing the Euphrates, from Haran of Mesopotamia, to Arabia Deserta. The third Uz was a Horite, from mount Seir (Gen. xxxvi. 28), and thus not of Eber's posterity. Now the question is, from which of these Job's country, Uz, took its name? Not from the first, as is already shown; nor from the second, because his country is always called Seir, or Edom, never Uz; and then called a south, not an east, country in Scripture. It therefore remains that we look for the country and place of residence of Job in Arabia Deserta; for which there were very probable reasons. The plunderers of Job are called Chaldeans and Sabeans, next neighbours to him. These Sabeans came not from Arabia Felix, but from a nearer Sabe in Arabia Deserta (Ptolemy); and his friends, except Eliphaz the Temanite, were of Arabia Deserta. See JOB. W, or w, is the twenty-first letter of our alphabet; and is composed, as its name implies, of two v's. It was not in use among the Hebrews, Greeks, or Romans; but chiefly peculiar to the northern nations, the Teutones, the Saxons, Britons, &c. But still it is not used by the French, Italians, Spaniards, or Portuguese, except in proper names, and other terms borrowed from languages in which it is originally used, and even then it is sounded like the single v. This letter is of an ambiguous nature; being a consonant at the beginning of words, and a vowel at the end. It may stand before all the vowels except u as water, wedge, winter, wonder it may also follow the vowels a, e, o, and unites with them into a kind of double vowel, or diphthong; as in saw, few, cow, &c. It also goes before r, and follows s and th; as in. wrath, swear, thwart; it goes before h also, though in reality it is sounded after it; as in when, what, &c. In some words it is obscure, as in shadow, widow, &c. WAB'BLE, or Teut. wabelen; Belg. wagWADDLE, v. n. ghelen, to waggle; whence, by corruption, wabble and waddle. To shake in walking from side to side; to deviate in motion from a right line. She could have run and waddled all about. Shaksp. The strutting petticoat smooths and levels all distinctions; while I cannot but be troubled to see so many well-shaped innocent virgins bloated up, and waddling up and down, like big-bellied women. Spectator. Obliquely waddling to the mark in view. She drawls her words, and waddles in her pace; Unwasht her hands, and much besnuft her face. Young. Pope. If in your work you find it wabble; that is that one side of the flat inclines to the right or left hand, with soft blows of an hammer set it to rights. Moxon. WACHENDORFIA, in botany, a genus of plants, in the class of triandria, and order of monogynia; ranking according to the natural method in the sixth order, ensate. The plants of this genus have one style and three stamina; with spathaceous flowers, and a trilocular and superior capsule. The corolla is hexapetalous, unequal, and situated below the germen. There are four species, all foreign plants. WADD, or WADDING, is a stopple of paper, hay, straw, or the like, forced into a gun upon the powder to keep it close in the chamber; or to put up close to the shot, to keep it from rolling out. WADD, BLACK. See MANGANESE. WADDAHS, a savage people in Ceylon. They live by themselves, and neither till the ground nor breed cattle; but subsist entirely by hunting with bows and arrows; except that they collect wild honey. They have no houses, and are quite naked, except a piece of cloth which they wrap round their waist. They sleep under large trees, on the banks of rivers. A few of them have a sort of tem |