lateral shoots as they are produced, and fasten the main shoots to the wall as they are extended in length; about the middle or latter end of July it will be proper to nip off the tops of these two shoots, which will strengthen their lower eyes. As soon as the leaves begin to drop in autumn, prune these young vines again, leaving three buds to each of the shoots, provided they are strong: otherwise it is better to shorten them down to two eyes if they are good; for it is a very wrong practice to leave much wood upon young vines, or to leave their shoots too long, which greatly weakens the roots; then fasten them to the wall, spreading them out horizontal each way, that there may be room to train the new shoots the following summer, and in the spring the borders must be digged as before. The uses of the fruit of the vine for making wine, &c., are well known. The vine was introduced by the Romans into Britain, and appears formerly to have been very common. From the name of vineyard yet adhering to the ruinous sites of our castles and monasteries, there seems to have been few in the country but what had a vineyard belonging to them. The county of Gloucester is particularly mentioned by Malmsbury, in the twelfth century, as excelling all the rest of the kingdom in the number and goodness of its vineyards. In the earlier periods the Isle of Ely was expressly denominated the Isle of Vines by the Normans. Vineyards are frequently noticed in the descriptive accounts of Doomsday Book; and those of England are even mentioned by Bede as early as the commencement of the eighth century. Doomsday book exhibits a particular proof that wine was made in England during the period preceding the conquest. And after the conquest the bishop of Ely appears to have received at least three or four tuns of wine annually, as tythes, from the produce of the vineyards in his diocese; and to have made frequent reservations in his leases of a certain quantity of wine for rent. A plot of land in London, which now forms East Smithfield and some adjoining streets, was withheld from the religious house within Aldgate by four successive constables of the Tower, in the reigns of William II., Henry I., and Stephen, and made by them into a vineyard. In the old accounts of rectorial and vicarial revenues, and in the old registers of ecclesiastical suits concerning them, the tythe of wine is an article that frequently occurs in Kent, Surrey, and other counties. And the wines of Gloucestershire, within a century after the conquest, were little inferior to the French in sweetness. The beautiful

region of Gaul, which had not a single vine in the days of Cæsar, had numbers so early as the time of Strabo. The south of it was particularly stocked with them; and they had even extended themselves into the interior parts of the country: but the grapes of the latter did not ripen kindly, France was famous for its vineyards in the reign of Vespasian, and even exported its wines into Italy. The province of Narbonne was then covered with vines; and the wine-merchants of the country were remarkable for all the knavish dexterity of our modern brewers, tinging it with smoke, coloring it, as it was suspected, with herbs and noxious dyes, and even adulterating the taste and appearance with aloes. And, as our first vines would be transplanted from Gaul, so most probably_were those of the Allobroges in Franche Compte. These were peculiarly fitted for cold countries. They

ripened even in the frosts of advancing winter. And they were of the same color, and seem to have been of the same species, as the black Muscadines of the present day, which have lately been tried in the island, and found to be fittest for the climate. These were certainly brought into Britain a little after vines had been carried over all the kingdoms of Gaul, and about the middle of the third century, when the numerous plantations had gradually spread over the face of the latter, and must naturally have continued their progress into the former. The Romans, even nearly to the days of Lucullus, were very seldom able to regale themselves with wine. Very little was then raised in the compass of Italy. And the foreign wines were so dear that they were rarely produced at an entertainment; and, when they were, each guest was indulged only with a single draught. But in the seventh century of Rome, as their conquests augmented the degree of their wealth, and enlarged the sphere of their luxury, wines became the object of particular attention. Many vaults were constructed, and good stocks of liquor deposited in them. And this naturally gave encouragement to the wines of the country. The Falernian rose immediately into great repute; and a variety of others, that of Florence among the rest, succeeded it about the close of the century. And the more westerly parts of the European continent were at once subjected to the arms, and enriched with the vines, of Italy.

VITREOUS, adj. French, vitré; Lat. vitreus. Glassy; consisting of or resembling glass.

The hole answers to the pupil of the eye; the crystalline humour to the lenticular glass; the dark room to the cavity containing the vitreous humour, and the white paper to the retina. Ray on the Creation.

When the phlegm is too viscous, or separates into too great a quantity, it brings the blood into a morbid state: this viscous phlegm seems to be the vitreous petuite of the ancients.

Arbuthnot.

VITREOUS HUMOR OF THE EYE. See ANATOMY.
VITREOUS SPAR. See CHEMISTRY.
VITRIFY, v. a. & v.n.
VITRIFICATE, v. a.
VITRIFICATION, n. s.

Fr. vitrifier; Lat. vitrum and facio. To change into glass; be

come glass or glassy: vitrificate has also the former signification, and vitrification corresponds.

We have metals vitrificated, and other materials, besides those of which you make glass.. Bacon.

Metals will vitrify; and perhaps some portion of the glass of metal vitrified, mixed in the pot of ordinary glass metal, will make the whole mass more tough. Id.

Upon the knowledge of the different ways of making minerals and metals capable of vitrification, depends the art of making counterfeit or fictitious gems. Boyle.

Chymists make vessels of animal substances calcined, which will not vitrify in the fire; for all earth which hath any salt or oil in it will turn to glass. Arbuthnot. and GLASS-MAKING. VITRIFICATION, in chemistry. See CHEMISTRY

is

VITRIOL, n. s. VITRIOLATE, adj. VITRIOLATED, VITRIOL'IC,

VITRIOLOUS.

Fr. vitriol; Lat. vitriolum. A sulphuric acid with an earthy or metallic base. See CHEMISTRY and SULPHURIC ACID. Vitriolate or vitriolated

impregnated with vitriol: vitriolic or vitriolous, resembling or containing vitriol.

Iron may be dissolved by any tart, salt, or vitriolated Bacon.

water.

Copperose of Mars, by some called salt of steel, made by the spirits of vitriol or sulphur, will, after ablution, be attracted by the loadstone; and therefore

VIV'ID, adj. VIVIDLY, adv. VIVID'NESS, n. s. corresponding.

The liquor, retaining its former vivid color, was grown clear again. Boyle. In the moon we can, with excellent telescopes, discern many hills and vallies, whereof some are more and some less vividly illustrated; and others have a fainter, others a deeper shade.

Id.

Body is a fit workhouse for sprightly, vivid faculties

to exercise and exert themselves in.

South.

To make these experiments the more manifest, such bodies ought to be chosen as have the fullest and most vivid colors, and two of those bodies compared together.

Newton. Where the genius is bright, and the imagination vivid, the power of memory may lose its improvement. Watts.

VIVIFY, v. a. Fr. vivifier; Lat. vivus VIVIF'IC, adj. and facio. To make alive; VIVIFICATION, n. s.. animate; endue with life: the adjective and noun substantive corresponding. If that motion be in a certain order there followeth vivification and figuration.

Bacon.

Id.

Sitting on eggs doth vivify, not nourish. Gut-worms, as soon as vivified, creep into the stomach for nutriment. Harvey on Consumptions. Without the sun's salutary and vivific beams, all motion would cease, and nothing be left but darkness and Ray.

death.

VIVIP'AROUS, adj. Lat. vivus and pario. Bringing forth the young alive: opposed to ovipa

rous.

Their species might continue, though they had been viviparous; yet it would have brought their individuals to very small numbers.

More.

If birds had been viviparous, the burthen of their womb had been so great and heavy, that their wings Ray.

would have failed them.

Lite

VIX'EN, n. s. Sax. Fixen; Belg. feeks. rally a she-fox; a scolding, quarrelsome woman. Viren, or fixen, is the name of a she-fox: otherwise applied to a woman whose nature and condition is thereby compared to a she-fox. Verstegan.

O! when she's angry, she is keen and shrewd ; She was a vixen when she went to school; And, though she be but little, she is fierce. Shaksp. See a pack of spaniels, called lovers, in a hot pursuit of a two-legged vixen, who only flies the whole loud pack, to be singled out by one. Wycherley.

VIZ, adv. Lat. videlicet, by contraction. wit; that is.

That which so oft by sundry writers, Has been applied to almost all fighters, More justly may be ascribed to this, Than any other warrior, viz.

None ever acted both parts bolder,

Both of a chieftain and a soldier.

To

Hudibras.

Let this be done relatively, viz. one thing greater o stronger, casting the rest behind, and rendering it less sensible by its opposition. Dryden.

VIZAGAPATAM, a town on the sea-coast of the Northern Circars, Hindostan, the capital of a district of the same name. Lat. 17° 42′ N., long. 83° 28′ E. A river coming from the north, and turning short eastward to the sea, forms an arm of land one mile and a half in length, and 600 yards in breadth, nearly in the middle of which the fort is placed. The town is inconsiderable, the Europeans generally residing at Watloor, a village to the north of this harbour. During the ebb the surf is here considerable; and as European boats, for want of Massulah craft, are obliged frequently to go in, they should keep close to a steep hill, named the Dolphin's Nose, to escape being upset. The surrounding country is mountainous, and many of the hills wild, and destitute of vegetation. At Semachellum, near to this place, is a Hindoo temple of great fame and sanctity. The principal trading towns of this district are Vizagapatam and Bimlipatam.

VIZARD, n. s. & v. a. Fr. visiere. See VISOR. A mask used for disguise: to mask. The unworthiest shews as fairly in the mask. Degree being vizarded,

Shaks.

but can never become it. A lie is like a visard, that may cover the face indeed, South. Ye shall know them by their fruits, not by their well or ill living; for they put on the vizard of seeming sanctity. Atterbury. VIZIER, n. s. Properly wazir. The prime minister of the Turkish empire. See VISIER. He made him vizier, which is chief of all the bassas. Knolles's History of the Turks. This grand vizier presuming to invest The chief imperial city of the west; With the first charge compelled in haste to rise, His treasure, tents, and cannon, left a prize. Waller.

The UKRAINE is a former division of Russian Poland, which now forms the four governments of Kiev, Podolia, Poltava, and Charkov. It is situated between 48° and 52° of lat. N., corresponding to the parallels of the north of France and central part of England, but with a very different temperature. Wheat, oats, barley, and other products of our latitude, are raised with comparatively little labor, and the pastures are in many parts of great luxuriance. Fruits also are abundant, and the of oak, larch, and other valuable trees. The inhakermes, or Polish cochineal. The forests consist bitants, called Malo Russians, are said by Dr. Clarke to be less ignorant and backward than their eastern neighbours, but they are certainly doomed the capital of the Russian dominions. to great poverty. The chief town is Kiev, once

This province, situated between Russia and Poland, was the scene of repeated invasions, of which that by Charles XII. of Sweden, in 1709, terminated in the fatal battle of Poltava. The great natural feature of the country is the Dnieper, which intersects it in a winding direction from north to south, and affords a channel for the conveyance of products to the Black Sea.

VLADIMIR, a town and government of European Russia. The government contains 19,500 square miles, and 1,000,000 inhabitants. The town stands on the river Kliasma, the capital of a government or province, and a bishop's see. Population 3000. 112 miles east by north of Moscow, and 500 south-east of St. Petersburg.

All swoln and ulcerous, he cures. Shakspeare. Some depend upon the intemperament of the part ulcerated; others upon the continual afflux of lacerative humours. Harvey.

An ulcerous disposition of the lungs, and an ulcer of the lungs, may be appositely termed causes of a pulmonique consumption.

Id.

The uliginous lacteous matter, taken notice of in the coral fishings upon the coast of Italy, was only a collection of the coralline particles. Woodward.

ULM, a considerable town and bishop's see of Wirtemberg, is situated on the banks of the Danube, where it receives the small river Blau, which flows through the town. It mostly consists of crooked streets, and of houses in the old German

Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ULCER (ulcus, eris, n.; from λKoç, a sore), a purulent solution of continuity of the soft parts of an animal body. Ulcers may arise from a variety of causes, as all those which produce inflammation, from wounds, specific irritations of the absorbents, from scurvy, cancer, the venereal or scrofulous virus, &c. The proximate or immediate cause is an increased action of the absorbents, and a specific action of the arteries, by which a fluid is separated from the blood upon the ulcerated surface. They are variously denominated; the following is the most frequent division :

1. The simple ulcer, which takes place generally from a superficial wound.

2. The sinuous, that runs under the integuments, and the orifice of which is narrow, but not callous. 3. The fistulous ulcer, or fistula, a deep ulcer with a narrow and callous orifice.

4. The fungous ulcer, the surface of which is covered with fungous flesh.

5. The gangrenous, which is livid, fætid, and gangrenous.

6. The scorbutic, which depends on a scorbutic acrimony.

7. The venereal, arising from the venereal dis

ease.

8. The cancerous ulcer, or open cancer.

9. The carious ulcer, depending upon a carious bone.

10. The inveterate ulcer, which is of long continuance, and resists the ordinary applications.

11. The scrofulous ulcer, known by its having arisen from indolent tumors, by discharging a viscid, gluey matter, and by its indolent nature.

ULEABORG, an extensive province, situated to the north of Finland, and extending along the south coast of the gulf of Bothnia. After being long subject to Sweden, it forms, since 1809, a circle of the Russian province or government of Abo; but it extends also into Lapland, occupying the country between 63° 30′ and 67° of N. lat.

ULEX, in botany, a genus of plants of the class of diadelphia, and order of decandria; and in the natural system arranged under the thirty-second order, papilionacæ. The calyx consists of two leaves quinquedentate: pod almost covered by the calyx. There are two species, one of which, U. Europæus, the furze, gorse, or whin, is a native of Britain; it is too well known to need description. Its uses, however, are many; as a fuel where wood and coals are scarce; and as hedge-wood upon

the walls. Some of the streets, however, have well paved path-ways. Here is a large Gothic church, or minster, about 416 feet in length, and 160 in breadth; and several other churches are entitled to notice; as are the town-house, arsenal, theatre, barracks, and hospital. The prevailing religion is the Lutheran. Inhabitants 15,000. Forty-four miles south-east of Stutgard.

ULMIN, in mineralogy, a name Dr. Thomson has given to a very singular substance lately examined by Klaproth. It differs essentially from every other known body, and must therefore constitute a new and peculiar vegetable principle. It exuded spontaneously from the trunk of a species of elm, which Klaproth conjectures to be the ulmus nigra, and was sent to him from Palermo in 1802. 1. In its external characters it resembles gum. It was solid, hard, of a black color, and had considerable lustre. Its powder was brown. It dissolved readily in the mouth, and was insipid. 2. It dissolved speedily in a small quantity of water. The solution was transparent, of a blackish-brown color, and, even when very much concentrated by evaporation, was not in the least mucilaginous or ropy: nor did it answer as a paste. In this respect ulmin differs essentially from gum. 3. It was completely insoluble both in alcohol and ether. When alcohol was poured into the aqueous solution, the greater part of the ulmin precipitated in light brown flakes. The remainder was obtained by evaporation, and was not sensibly soluble in alcohol. The alcohol by this treatment acquired a sharpish taste. 4. When a few drops of nitric acid were added to the aqueous solution, it became gelatinous, lost its blackish-brown color, and a light brown substance precipitated. The whole solution was slowly evaporated to dryness, and the reddishbrown powder which remained was treated with alcohol. The alcohol assumed a golden yellow color; and, when evaporated, left a light brown, bitter, and sharp resinous substance. 5. Oxymuriatic acid produced precisely the same effects as nitric. Thus it appears that ulmin, by the addition of a little oxygen, is converted into a resinous substance. In this new state it is insoluble in water. This property is very singular. Hitherto the volatile oils were the only substances known to assume the form of resins. That a substance soluble in water should assume the resinous form with such facility is very remarkable. 6. Ulmin when burnt emitted little smoke or flame, and left a spongy but firm charcoal, which, when burnt in the open air, left only a little carbonate of potash behind.

ULMUS, in botany, a genus of plants belonging to the class of pentandria, and order of digynia; arranged in the natural system under the fifty-third order, scabridæ. The calyx is quinquefid; there is no corolla. The fruit is a dry, compressed, membranaceous berry. There are three species; one of which is a native of Britain. 1. U. campestris, common elm. The leaves are rough, oval, pointed, doubly serrated, unequal at the base. Bark of the trunk cracked and wrinkled. Fruit membranous. 2. U. montana, the wych elm, or witch hazel, is generally reckoned a variety of this species. All the sorts of elm may be propagated either by layers or suckers taken from the roots of the old trees. The elm delights in a stiff strong soil. It is observable, however, that here it grows comparatively slow. In light land, especially if it be rich, its growth is very rapid; but its wood is light, porous, and of little value, compared with that which grows upon strong land; which is of a closer stronger texture, and, at the heart, will have the color, and almost the heaviness and the hardness of iron.

ULSTER, a province of Ireland, containing the northern counties of Donegal, Londonderry, Antim, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Monaghan, Armagh, Down, and Cavan.

ULSTER, a county of the United States, in New York, bounded north by Greene county, east by Hudson, south by Orange county, south-west by Sullivan county, and north-west by Delaware county. The surface is broken by the Catskill mountains, but well watered, the Hudson forming the eastern boundary, and the small streams being numerous. This county produces marble of a superior fineness and hardness. Limestone, slate, marl, and iron-ore; lead, native alum, plumbago, coal, peat, and a variety of pigments. A large proportion of the houses are of a blue lime-stone, abundant here. The early inhabitants of this county were German and Dutch families; and it was settled at a very early period of our history. In 1662 Kingston had a minister; and the county records commence about that time.

ULSWATER, a lake of Westmoreland and Cumberland, ten miles north of Ambleside, and fourteen south-west of Penrith. Its length is about eight miles, and it is of a sufficient depth to breed char; and abounds with a variety of other fish. Trout of upwards of thirty pounds weight are said to have been taken in it. One of the amusements on this lake consists in the firing of guns, or small cannon, in certain situations. The report is reverberated among the adjacent rocks and caverns, with every variety of sound.

ULTIMATE, adj. Lat. ultimus. Intended ULTIMATELY, adv. in the last resort; last in a ULTIM'ITY, n. s. Strain of consequences: the adverb and noun substantive correspond.

Alteration of one body into another, from crudity to perfect concoction, is the ultimity of that process.

Bacon.

Addison.

Many actions apt to procure fame are not conducive to this our ultimate happiness. The ultimate allotment of God to men is really a consequence of their own voluntary choice, in doing good or evil. Rogers's Sermons. ULTRAMARINE', n. s. & adj. Lat. ultra and marinus. A fine blue color used in painting; beyond the sea; foreign.

Others, notwithstanding they are brown, cease not to be soft and faint, as the blue of ultramarine. Dryden. ULVA, in botany, laver, a genus of plants of the

class of cryptogamia, and order of algae. The fructification is enclosed in a diaphanous membrane. There are seventeen species: twelve of which are British plants. They are all sessile, and without roots, and grow in ditches and on stones along the sea coast. None of them are applied to any particular use different from the rest of the algæ, except perhaps the U. umbilicalis, which in England is pickled with salt and preserved in jars, and afterwards stewed and eaten with oil and lemon juice. This species called in English the navel laver, is flat, orbicular, sessile, and coriaceous.

ÚLUA, JUAN DE, an island and fort of Mexico, in the bay of Vera Cruz; the fort is very strong, and is supplied with an excellent light-house.

ULVERSTONE, a market-town in Lonsdale hundred, Lancashire, situate near the Leven, eighteen miles N. N. W. of Lancaster, and 270 N. N. W. of London. The streets are spacious and clean, and the town rapidly increasing. By means of a canal, lately cut, vessels of 250 tons can approach the town, by which a considerable traffic is carried on in the exportation of iron-ore, limestone, and corn; in the neighbourhood are several furnaces and smelting houses. The church stands in a field, at a small distance from the town, and is a white building with a square tower, containing three bells. Here is a small theatre, an assembly-room, and a public library. Market on Monday. Fairs, HolyThursday, and Thursday after the 23d of October.

ULUG BEIG, a Persian prince and learned astronomer, was descended from the famous Tamerlane, and reigned at Samarcand about forty years; after which he was murdered by his own son in 1449. His catalogue of the fixed stars, rectified for the year 1434, was published at Oxford by Mr. Hyde, in 1665, with learned notes. Mr. Hudson printed in the English Geography Ulug Beig's Tables of the Longitude and Latitude of Places; and Mr. Greaves published in Latin his Astronomical Epochas, at London, in 1650. See ASTRONOMY.

ULYSSES, king of Ithaca, the son of Laertes, and father of Telemachus, and one of those heroes who contributed most to the taking of Troy. After the destruction of that city, he wandered for ten years; and at last returned to Ithaca, where, with the assistance of Telemachus, he killed Antinous and other princes who intended to marry his wife Penelope, and seize his dominions. He at length resigned the kingdom to his son Telemachus; and was killed by Telegonus, his son by Circe, who did not know him. See CIRCE. The hero is the subject of the Odyssey.

UMBELLÅ, an umbel, in botany, a species of receptacle; or rather a mode of flowering, in which a number of slender foot-stalks proceed from the same centre, and rise to an equal height, so as to form an even and generally round surface at top. See BOTANY.

UMBELLATÆ, the name of a class in Ray's and Tournefort's methods, consisting of plants whose flowers grow in umbels, with five petals that are often unequal, and two naked seeds that are joined at top and separated below. They constitute the forty-fifth order of Linnæus's Fragments of a Natural Method. See BOTANY, Index.

UMBELLIFEROUS PLANTS are such as have their tops branched and spread out like an umbrella. UM'BER, n. s. Į Lat. umbra. A dark or sad UM BERED, adj. color: umbered is shaded; clouded.