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rivers, an unproductive soil. That of Goochland, Cumberland, prince Edward, Halifax, &c., is generally fertile. Fluvanna, Buckingham, Campbell, Pittsylvania, again, are poor; and Culpeper, Orange, Albermarle, Bedford, &c., a rich, though frequently a stony, broken soil, on a substratum of tenacious and red colored clay. The population of this section, especially near the mountains, is more robust and healthy than that of any other part of the state. The scenery of the upper part is highly picturesque and romantic. There is a vein of limestone running through Albermarle, Orange, &c. Pit coal of a good quality is found within twenty miles above Richmond, on James river. The third division is the valley between the Blue Ridge, and North and Alleghany mountains; a valley which extends, with little interruption, from the Potomac, across the state, to North Carolina, and Tennessee, narrower, but of greater length, than either of the preceding divisions. The soil is a mould formed on a bed of limestone. The surface of the valley is sometimes broken by sharp and solitary mountains detached from the general chain, the sides of which, nearly bare, or but thinly covered with blasted pines, form disagreeable objects in the landscape. The bed of the valley is fertile, producing good crops of Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, buck wheat, hemp, flax, timothy, and clover. The farms are smaller than in the lower parts of Virginia, and the cultivation is better. Here are few slaves.-This valley has inexhaustible mines of excellent iron ore. Chalk is found in Botetourt county. The fourth division extends from the Alleghany mountains to the river Ohio; a country wild and broken, in some parts fertile, but generally lean or barren; but having mines of iron, lead, coal, salt, &c.-The soil of a great proportion of the county of Randolph, and the adjacent counties in the north-west part of the state, is of an excellent quality, producing large crops of grain. The surface is uneven and hilly. The county is well watered, is excellent for grazing, and has a very healthy climate.

There are many mineral springs in Virginia. The hot and warm springs of Bath county, the sweet springs of Monroe county, the sulphur springs of Greenbrier and of Montgomery counties, and the baths of Berkley county, are much frequented. The most remarkable curiosities are the Natural Bridge, the passage of the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, the cataract of Falling Spring, and several caves.

VIRGO, in astronomy, one of the signs or constellations of the zodiac. See ASTRONOMY.

VIRIATHUS, a shepherd of Lusitania, who, from heading a gang of robbers, came to command a powerful army. He made war against the Romans for fourteen years with success. Many generals, and Pompey himself, were beaten. Cæpio being sent against him, meanly bribed his servants to murder him.

VIRIDOMARUS, a young man of great power among the Ædui. Cæsar greatly honored him, but he fought at last against the Romans.

VIR'ILE, adj. Fr. virilité; Latin virilitas. VIRILITY, 14. s. Manly, belonging to hood: manhood; character of man.

man

The lady made generous advances to the borders of virility. Rambler.

The great climacterical was past, before they begat children, or gave any testimony of their virility; for none begat children before the age of sixty-five. Browne.

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Ægle, the fairest Naïs of the flood, With a virmilion dye his temples stained. Roscommon. VIRTUE, n. s. า Latin virtus. Power; VIRTUELESS, adj. efficacy; excellence; vaVIRTUOUS, lor; particularly moral VIRTUOUSLY, adv. power or excellence: VIRTUOUSNESS, n. s. (Milton speaks of an order VIRTUAL, adj. of angelic beings under VIRTUALLY, adv. this name: the adjectives, stantive following, follow each of these senses: VIRTUATE, v. a. adverb, and noun subvirtual means having real, though unseen or unacknowledged, efficacy: the adverb corresponding: virtuate, to make efficacious (not used).

Jesus, knowing that virtue had gone out of him, turned him about.

Mark. Many other adventures are intermeddled; as the the lasciviousness of Helenora. love of Britomert, and virtuousness of Belphæbe; and Spenser. Out of his hand

Id.

That virtuous steel he rudely snatched away.
In sum, they taught the world no less virtuously how
to die, than they had done before how to live. Hooker.
Trust to thy single virtue; for thy soldiers
Took their discharge.
All blest secrets,
All you unpublished virtues of the earth,
Be aidant and remediate.

Shakspeare.

Id.

The devil their virtue tempts not, they tempt heaven.
They that mean virtuously, and yet do so,

In Belmont is a lady,
And she is fair, and fairer than that word,
Of wondrous virtues.

Id.

Id.

Some observe that there is a virtuous bezoar, and another without virtue; the virtuous is taken from the beast that feedeth where there are theriacal herbs; and that without virtue, from those that feed where no such herbs are.

Bacon. Heat and cold have a virtual transition, without ld. communication of substance.

Which, with her virtuous drugs, so tame she made,
Before her gates, hill-wolves and lions lay;
That wolf, nor lion, would one man invade. Chapman.
She moves the body, which she doth possess ;
Yet no part toucheth, but by virtue's touch. Davies.
Some would make those glorious creatures virtueless.
Hakewill.
They are virtually contained in other words still con.
tinued.
Hammond.

Not from gray hairs authority doth flow,
Nor from bald heads, nor from a wrinkled brow;
But our past life, when virtuously spent,
Must to our age those happy fruits present. Denham.
He owned the virtuous ring and glass. Milton.
Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, powers.
Id.
What she wills to do or say,

Is wisest, virtuousest, discreetest, best.

Id.

Id.

Every kind that lives, Fomented by his virtual power and warmed. Neither an actual or virtual intention of the mind, but only that which may be gathered from the outward Stillingfleet.

acts.

Nor love is always of a vicious kind, But oft to virtuous acts inflames the mind. Dryden. The ladies sought around

For virtuous herbs.

Id.

The coffeeman has a little daughter four years old, who has been virtuously educated. Addison.

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Atterbury. Pope.

Tickel.

Cowper.

Id.

Virtue only makes our bliss below. A winged virtue through the' etherial sky From orb to orb unwearied dost thou fly. Religion, virtue, truth, whate'er we call A blessing-freedom is the pledge of all. 'Tis to the virtues of such men, man owes His portion in the good that heaven bestows. VIRTUE, in ethics, a term used in various significations. In general it denotes the power, or the perfection of any thing, whether natural or supernatural, animate or inanimate, essential or accessory. But, in its more proper or restrained sense, virtue signifies a habit, which improves and perfects the possessor and his actions. See MORAL PHI

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Methinks those generous virtuosi dwell in a higher region than other mortals. Glanville.

Virtuoso, the Italians call a man who loves the noble arts and is a critick in them. And, amongst our French painters, the word vertueur is understood in the same signification. Dryden.

This building was beheld with admiration by the virtuosi of that time. Tatler. Showers of rain are now met with in every waterwork; and the virtuosos of France covered a little vault

Addison.

with artificial snow. VIRULENT, adj. Fr. virulent; Lat. viruVIRULENCE, n. s. lentus. Poisonous; venomVIRULENCY. ous: hence malignant; bitter of spirit: the noun substantive corresponding. Disputes in religion are managed with virulency and bitterness. Decay of Piety. It instils into their minds the utmost virulence, instead of that charity which is the perfection and ornament of religion. Addison.

VIRULENT, a term applied to any thing that yields a virus; that is a contagious or malignant pus. VISAGE, n. s. French visage; Ital. visaggio. Face; countenance; look.

His visage was so marred more than any man's.
Isaiah.

Phebe doth behold

Her silver visage in the watery glass,
Decking with liquid peal the bladed grass. Shakspeare.
With hostile frown,

Milton.

And visage all inflamed, first thus began.
Love and beauty still that visage grace;
Death cannot fright 'em from their wonted place.

Waller.

VISCERA, in anatomy, a term signifying the same with entrails; including the heart, liver, lungs, spleen, intestines, and other inward parts of the body. See ANATOMY, Index. VIS'CID, adj. Lat. viscidus. Viscid and VISCIDITY, n. s. viscous mean glutinous; teVISCOSITY, nacious: the noun substanVis'cous, adj. tives corresponding. Holly is of so viscous a juice as they make birdlime of the bark. Bacon.

A tenuous emanation, or continued effluvium, after some distance, retraceth unto itself, as is observable in drops of syrups and seminal viscosities. Browne.

The air, being mixed with the animal fluids, determines their condition as to rarity, density, viscosity, tenuity. Arbuthnot. Catharticks of mercurials precipitate the viscidities by their stypticity. Floyer.

VISCONTI (John Baptist Anthony), an Italian antiquary, born at Vernazza, in 1722, was educated at Rome by an uncle, a painter, and who designed his nephew for that profession. But the latter preferred the study of antiquities, and purchased the office of apostolic notary. Becoming connected with the celebrated Winckelmann, he succeeded him, in 1768, in the station of prefect or commissary of antiquities; and Clement XIV., on his elevation to the papacy, having formed the design of founding a new museum in the Vatican, the execution of the plan was entrusted to Visconti. Among the relics of former ages brought to light was the tomb of the Scipios, relative to which Visconti published Letters and Notices in the Roman Anthology; he was the author also of some other archæological memoirs. His death took place September 2, 1784. He was appointed editor of the Museum Pio-Clementinum, but the text accompanying the engravings of that work was written by his son.

He

VISCONTI (Ennius Quirinius), eldest son of the preceding, was born at Rome, November 1, 1751, and studied under his father. At three years and a half old he was able to read Greek and Latin, in which he sustained at this period a public examination. His subsequent progress was not less remarkable; in 1764 he translated from Greek into Italian verse the Hecuba of Euripides. studied the canon and Roman law, and in 1771 took the degree of doctor: soon after he was made a papal chamberlain and sub-librarian of the Vatican. Having however formed an attachment to a lady, whom he wished to marry, he refused to enter into holy orders; in consequence of which he was through the interference of his father deprived of his post. A reconciliation, however, subsequently took place.

VI'SCOUNT, n. s. Į VI'SCOUNTESS.

viscount.

Latin vicecomes. A title of nobility: the lady of a

Viscount signifies as much as sheriff; between which two words there is no other difference, but that the one comes from our conquerors the Normans, and the other from our ancestors the Saxons. Viscount also signifies a degree of nobility next to an earl, which is an old name of office, but a new one of dignity, never heard of among us till Henry VI. his days. Cowell.

VISCOUNT (Vice Comes), was anciently an officer under an earl, to whom, during his attendance at court, he acted as deputy to look after the affairs of the county. Now a viscount is created by patent as an earl is; his title is Right Honorable; his mantle is two doublings and a half of plain fur; and his coronet has only a row of pearls close to the circle.

VISCUM, in botany, a genus of plants of the class diæcia, order tetrandria, and in the natural system arranged under the forty-eighth order, aggregatæ. The male calyx is quadripartite; the an theræ adhere to the calyx; the female calyx consists of four leaves; there is no style; the stigma is obtuse. There is no corolla; the fruit is a berry with one seed. There are nine species; only one of which is a native of Britain, viz. V. album, or

common misseltoe. It is a shrub, growing on the bark of several trees, particularly the oak; the leaves are conjugate and elliptical, the stem forked; the flowers whitish in the alæ of the leaves. This plant was reckoned sacred among the Druids. See DRUIDS.

VISHNOU, that person in the triad of the Brahmins who is considered as the preserver of the universe. Brahma is the creator and Siva the destroyer; and these two, with Vishnou, united in some inexplicable manner, constitute Brahme, or the supreme god of the Hindoos. See POLYTHEISM, and MYTHOLOGY.

Fr. visible; Lat. visibilis. Perceptible or

VISIBLE, adj. & n. s.
VIS'IBLY, adv.
VISIBILITY, n. s. Sdiscovered by the eye;

apparent; open: perceptibility by the eye: visibly corresponds with the adjective: visibility is the state or quality of being visible; conspicuousness. Visibles work upon a looking-glass, which is like the pupil of the eye; and audibles upon the places of echo, which resemble the cavern of the ear.

Bacon.

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They produced this as an instance against the perpetual visibility of the church, and he brings it to prove that it ceased to be a true church. Stilling fleet.

A long series of ancestors shews the native lustre with great advantage; but, if he degenerate from his line, the least spot is visible on ermine. Dryden. In these, the visibility and example of our virtues will chiefly consist.

Rogers. VISIER, an officer or dignitary in the Ottoman empire, whereof there are two kinds; one called by the Turks vizier-azem, that is, grand visier, is the prime minister of state in the whole empire. He commands the army in chief, and presides in the divan or great council. Next to him are six other subordinate visiers, called visiers of the bench; who officiate as his counsellors or accessors in the divan.

VISION, n. s. Fr. vision; Latin VISIONARY, adj. & n. s. visio. Sight; the faVIS'IONIST, n. s culty of seeing: an unusual or supernatural appearance; a spectre; dream; something shown in a dream: visionary imaginary; affected by phantoms or mere imaginations; a person apt to be so affected is termed a visionary or visionist.

is

The day seems long, but night is odions; No sleep, but dreams; no dreams, but visions strange. Sidney. Shakspeare. This account exceeded all the noctambuli or visionaries I have met with. Turner.

Last night the very gods shewed me a vision.

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The lovely visionary gave him perpetual uneasiness. Female Quizete.

VISITATO RIAL, adj. VISITER, n. s. VISITOR.

VISION, in optics, the act of seeing or perceiving external objects by means of the organ of sight, the eye. See ANATOMY, and METAPHYSICS. VISIT, v. a., v.n., & n. s.) Fr. visiter; Lat. VISITABLE, adj. visito. To go to VISITANT, n.. see; salute, parVISITATION, >ticularly with a present; survey with authority; send good or evil judicially as a verb neuter keep up intercourse of a domestic or personal nature: the act of going to see or visiting: visitable is liable to be visited: visitant, the person visiting: visitation, the act or object of visiting; communication; judicial infliction visitatorial, belonging to a judicial visitation: visiter or visitor, he who comes to see another; he who inspects or surveys judicially. Samson visited his wife with a kid.

Judges.

When God visiteth, what shall I answer him? J. Thou shalt be visited of the Lord with thunder. Isaiah.

The most comfortable visitations God hath sent men from above, hath taken especially the times of prayer as their most natural opportunities. Hooker.

You must go visit the lady that lies in.-I visit her with my prayers; but I cannot go thither. Shakspeare. What would you with the princess ;

Id.

-Nothing but peace and gentle visitation. Here's ado to lock up honesty and honour from the access of gentle visitors.

I.

The visiters expelled the orthodox; they, without scruple or shame, possessed themselves of their colleges.

Wotton.

That which thou dost not understand when thou readest, thou shalt understand in the day of thy vizitation. Taylor.

Consumptives of this degree entertain their visiters with strange rambling discourses of their intent of going here and there. Harvey.

One visit begins an acquaintance; and, when the visitant comes again, he is no more a stranger. South. To him you must your sickly state refer; Your charter claims him as your visiter.

Garth. by the king or lord chancellor. All hospitals built since the Reformation are visitable Ayliffe. Some will have it, that an archdeacon does of common right execute their visitatorial power.

Id. Parergon. Pope.

Virgins visited by angel powers. Whatever abuses have crept into the universities, might be reformed by strict injunctions to the visitors and heads of houses. Swift.

In a designed or accidental visit, let some one take a book, which may be agreeable, and read in it.

Watts.

The devil visits idle men with his temptations; God visits industrious men with his favours. Mat. Henry. VI'SIVE, adj. Fr. visif; Lat. visus. Formed in the act of seeing.

This happens when the axis of the visive cones, diffused from the object, fall not upon the same plane; but that which is conveyed into one eye is more depressed or elevated than that which enters the other. Browne's Vulgar Errours. VISNEA, in botany, a genus of plants in the class of dodecandria, and order of trigynia. VIS'NOMY, n. s. Corrupted from physiognomy. Face; countenance. Not in use.

Twelve gods do sit around in royal state, And Jove in midst with awful majesty,

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Spenser.

To judge the strife between them stirred late : Each of the gods by his like visnomy Each to be known, but Jove above them all, By his great looks and power imperial. VISON, in zoology. See MUSTELA. VIS'OR, n. s. Fr. visiere. This word is vaVIS'ORED, adj.riously written, visard, visar, visor, vizard, vizor. I prefer visor, as nearest the Latin visus, and concurring with visage, a kindred word.-Johnson. A mask used to disfigure and disguise. See VIZARD. Visored is marked; disguised.

This loutish clown is such that you never saw so illfavoured a visar; his behaviour such, that he is beyond the degree of ridiculous. Sidney.

But that thy face is, visor-like, unchanging, Made impudent with use of evil deeds, I would essay, proud queen, to make thee blush. Shakspeare.

Hence with thy brewed enchantments, foul deceiver ! Hast thou betrayed my credulous innocence With visored falsehood and base forgery? Milton. The Cyclops, a people of Sicily, remarkable for cruelty, might, perhaps, in their wars use a head piece, Broome.

or vizor.

UIST, NORTH, one of the western islands of Scotland, in Inverness-shire, between Harris on the north and Benbecula on the south; from which last

it is separated by a narrow channel, which is dry at low water. It is of a very irregular form; of about twenty miles long, and from twelve to eighteen miles broad. That part of the coast which is washed by the Atlantic is inaccessible, except in very calm weather. On the east coast, however, it has several safe harbours, but here the ground is hilly and barren. The west and north parts are low and level. The cultivated parts are pleasant and fertile. The lakes abound with trouts, and are frequented by flocks of wild fowls. About 2000 black cattle and 1500 or 1600 small horses are

pastured on the hills. About 1200 tons of kelp are made annually. The island belongs to lord

M'Donald.

UIST, SOUTH, another of the Hebrides, in Inverness-shire, lies between Barry on the south and Benbecula on the north; thirty-two miles long, and

from nine to ten broad. The surface and soil are

similar to those of North Uist. The number of sheep is 7000, of horses 1000, and of black cattle 700 1100 tons of kelp are made. These islands belong to M'Donald of Clanranald and M'Donald of Boisdale.

VISTA, n. s. Ital. vista. View; prospect through an avenue.

In St. Peter's, when a man stands under the dome, if he looks upwards, he is astonished at the spacious hollow of the cupola, that makes one of the beautifulest vistas that the eye can pass through.

Addison.

Thomson.

The finished garden to the view Its vistas opens, and its alleys green. VISTULA, a river of Poland, rises in Austrian Silesia, at the foot of the Carpathians, and, flowing eastward, enters Poland at the southern frontier, passing the ancient capital Cracow; and, after bathing the walls of Sandomir, it receives the San. Its course, now northward, brings it, after traversing a considerable tract of country, to Warsaw; at some distance from which it receives the Bug, a river almost equal to itself in magnitude, and bringing with it the waters of the south-east and north of Poland. The Vistula, now become one of the great rivers of Europe, holds a northward course, inclin

ing to the west, passes the towns of Plock and Culm; and after flowing several hundred miles, with a wide channel, and undiminished volume, divides, like the Rhine, into two branches, of which one, called the Nogat, and another the Old Vistula, flow eastwards to the Frische Haff, while the largest stream preserves the name of Vistula, and, turning to the westward, falls into the Baltic at Dantzic. Flowing generally through a level country the Vistula is navigable many hundred miles, beginning so far up as Cracow.

VISUAL, adj. Fr. visuel. Used in sight; exercising, or instrumental to, sight.

An eye thrust forth so as it hangs a pretty distance by the visual nerve, hath been without any power of sight; and yet, after being replaced, recovered sight.

Bacon.

Milton.

Then purged with euphrasy and rue The visual nerve; for he had much to see. VITAL, adj. Lat. vitalis. Contributing VITALITY, n. s. or necessary to life; containVITALLY, adv. ing or being the seat of life; VITALS, n. s. essential; likely to live (unusual): vitality is, living power: the adverb agrees with the adjective: and vitals mean parts essential to life.

Let not Bardolph's vital thread be cut With edge of penny cord, and vile reproach. Shaksp. Consists in nature not in art.

Know, grief's vital part

Bishop Corbet.

On the watery calm His brooding wings the spirit of God outspreads; And vital virtue infused, and vital warmth Throughout the fluid mass.

The silent, slow, consuming fires, Which on my inmost vitals prey, And melt my very soul away.

On the rock a scanty measure place Of vital flax, and turn the wheel apace.

Milton.

Philips.

Dryden.

For the security of species produced only by seed, that if by any accident it happen not to germinate the providence hath endued all seed with a lasting vitality, first year, it will continue its fecundity twenty or thirty

years.

Ray.

The dart flew on, and pierced a vital part. Pope. VITAL, in physiology, an appellation given to whatever ministers principally to the constituting or maintaining life in the bodies of animals; thus the heart, lungs, and brain, are called vital parts; and the operations of these parts, by which the life of animals is maintained, are called vital functions.

VITALIANO (Donati), naturalist, was born in Padua, 1717, wrote Saggio della floria naturale dell' Adriatico in 1750. His Sardinian majesty appointed him professor of botany and natural history at Turin. He sent him to visit Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Arabia, and the East Indies, to make observations and to collect the rarest productions of nature. The greatest part of this journey he performed; but died at Bassora in 1763. He left in MS. two volumes in folio.

VITELLARY, n. s. Lat. vitellus. The place where the yolk of the egg swims in the white.

A greater difficulty in the doctrine of eggs is, how the sperm of the cock attaineth into every egg; since the Browne. vitellary or place of the yolk is very high.

VITELLUS, emperor of Rome. See ROME. VITELLUS, the yolk of an egg. See EGG. VITEPSK, a government of the north-west of European Russia, lying to the east of Courland, and south of Livonia, between long. 26° 30' and 31° 50′ E., lat. 55° 3′ and 57° N. Its territorial extent

is about 20,000 square miles, and its population nearly 750,000, partly Poles, Lithuanians, and Lettonians; partly also Russians, Germans, and Jews. The surface is generally flat. Hemp and flax are raised; and, the pastures being generally good, cattle are reared and exported. There is also some traffic in the article of honey and bees' wax. This province contains several lakes. Its chief rivers are the Dwina, the Ula, and the Viteba. VITEPSK, a city of European Russia, and the capital of the government of the same name, stands on the Dwina, at the influx of the Viteba, which divides it into two parts. The town is surrounded by a wall, but made no regular defence in the campaign of 1812, having been alternately occupied by French and Russians. Population 13,000. 322 miles south of Petersburgh, and 297 west of Mos

cow.

VITERBO, a considerable town in the States of the Church, the capital of a delegation of the same name, is situated at the foot of a high mountain. This is supposed to have been the ancient Volturna, or capital of the Etruria; by others to have been built by the Lombards. It is surrounded with a wall, and has a number of round towers. Its streets are broad and well paved, its market-place neat, and several of the principal buildings constructed with taste. About half a mile from the town is a small lake, called Bulicame, the waters of which emit a sulphureous smell, and appear to be in a state of continual agitation. Population 10,000. Twenty-seven miles N. N. E. of Civita Vecchia, and thirty-eight N. N. W. of Rome.

VITEX, in botany, the agnus castus, or chaste tree, a genus of plants in the class of didynamia, and order of angiospermia; ranking, by the natural system, in the thirty-ninth order, personatæ. VITIATE, v. a. Į Lat. vitio. To deprave; VITIATION, n. s. spoil; make less pure: the noun substantive corresponding.

The foresaid extenuation of the body is imputed to the blood's vitiation by malign putrid vapors smoking throughout the vessels. Harvey on Consumption.

The organs of speech are managed by so many muscles, that speech is not easily destroyed, though often somewhat vitiated as to some particular letters. Holder. The sun in his garden gives him the purity of visible objects, and of true nature before she was vitiated by luxury. Evelyn's Kalendar. This undistinguished complaisance will vitiate the taste of the readers, and misguide many of them in their judgments, where to approve and where to censure. Garth.

VITILITIGATION, n. s. From vitilitigate. Contention; cavillation.

I'll force you, by right ratiocination, To leave your vitilitigation. VITIOUS, adj.

VITIOUSLY, adv.

VITIOUSNESS, n. s.

VITIOSITY.

Hudibras.

Fr. vicieur; Lat. vitiosus. Corrupt; wicked; opposite to virtuous; and used both practices:

all the derivatives correspond.
When we in our vitiousness grow hard,
The wise gods seal our eyes.

Witness the irreverent son

Shakspeare.

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No troops abroad are so ill disciplined as the Engglish; which cannot well be otherwise, while the common soldiers have before their eyes the vitious example Swift. of their leaders.

VITIS, in botany, a genus of the class pentandria, order monogynia; and in the natural system arranged under the fortieth order, personatæ. The petals cohere at the top, and are withered; the fruit is a berry with five seeds. There are eleven species, the most important of which is V. vinifera, or the common vine, which has naked, lobed, sinuated leaves. There are many varieties, all propagated either from layers or cuttings, the former of which is greatly practised in England, but the latter is much preferable. In choosing the cuttings you should always take such shoots of the last year's growth as are strong and well ripened; these should be cut from the old vine, just below the place where they were produced, taking a knot, or piece of the two years' wood, to each, which should be pruned smooth; then you should cut off the upper part of the shoots, so as to leave the cutting about sixteen inches long. When the cuttings are made, if they are not then planted, they should be placed with their lower part in the ground, in a dry soil, laying some litter upon their upper parts to prevent them from drying: in this situation they may remain till the beginning of April; when they should be taken out and washed from the filth they have contracted; and, if very dry, should stand with their lower parts in the water six or eight hours, which will distend their vessels, and dispose them for taking root. If the ground be strong, and inclined to wet, open a trench where the cuttings are to be planted, which should be filled with lime rubbish, the better to drain off the moisture: then raise the borders with fresh light earth about two feet thick, so that it may be at least a foot above the level of the ground: then open the holes at about six feet distance from each other, putting one good strong cutting into each hole, which should be laid a little sloping that their tops may incline to the wall; but it must be put in so deep as that the uppermost eye may be level with the surface of the ground. Having placed the cutting in the ground, fill up the hole gently, pressing down the earth close about it, and raise a little hill just upon the top of the cutting, to cover the upper eye quite over, which will prevent it from drying. Nothing more is necessary but to keep the ground clear from weeds until the cuttings begin to shoot; at which time look after them carefully, and rub off any small shoots, fastening the first main shoot to the wall, continue to look over these once in three weeks during the summer, constantly rubbing off lateral shoots which are produced. The Michaelmas following, if the cuttings have produced strong shoots, prune them down y to two eyes. In the spring, after the cold weather

but be very careful in doing this not to injure the roots; also raise the earth up to the stems of the plants, so as to cover the old wood, but not so deep as to cover either of the eyes of the last year's wood. After this they will require no farther care until they begin to shoot; then rub off all weak dangling shoots, leaving no more than the two produced from the two eyes of the last year's wood, which should be fastened to the wall. From this time till the vines have done shooting, look them over once in three weeks or a month, rub off all

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