chalk two ounces, fine opium half a drachm; mix in a pint of linseed gruel, and administer. Should the purging continue three or four days after this drink has been given, it will be necessary to give the following astringent medicine three or four times a day :-Take of powdered ginger, dover's powder, of each two drachms; prepared chalk in powder, pomegranate shell powdered, of each one ounce; tincture of catechu one drachm and a half. Let these be mixed in one pint of warm gruel, and administer twice a day.

9. Dysenteria. Moulten grease. This distressing complaint was formerly described by veterinarians as a melting down of the fat occasioned by excessive heat, and a discharge of that fat by the anus, accompanied by purging; even now farriers believe it to be the same thing, nay some modern writers have thought it such! No man acquainted with the physiology of the horse can for a moment entertain so absurd an idea. The fact is, the disease is a constriction of parts of the intestines, accompanied with chronic inflammation of the inner coat, discharging a fœtid matter and sloughing away in films, and in severe cases blood is discharged. The disease differs widely from the diarrhoea both in nature and treatment, and therefore requires skill in the practitioner to distinguish, as the treatment which applies to diarrhea, if adopted in dysentery, must kill the animal. Chalk, opium, and other astringents are necessary and salutary in the treatment of the former, but poison in the latter. The symptoms very clearly mark the difference in both diseases; in diarrhoea there is nothing but an excessive purging; but in dysentery there is a discharge of matter apparently mixed with fat, and often blood, generally ac companied with costiveness-little or no dung is discharged. Fever sometimes accompanies these symptoms, and sometimes the disease degenerates into inflammation of the bowels. The first thing to be done is to bleed the horse, then, the same day, administer the following:-Castor oil four ounces, gruel two pints, ipecacuanha one drachm. Mix.

10. Tympanitis. Windy colic. This is generally produced by too much juicy food, as clover and different grasses, new corn, or new hay; or by eating too much after great fatigue; or by checked perspiration, from whatever cause that may happen. The health of the bowels is disturbed, and they are distended in some parts and contracted in others. The symptoms are restlessness of the horse; he rises with rapidity and lies down again; he stamps with his fore hoofs and strikes his belly with his hind feet, and he rejects all food. When violent, it occasions convulsions; his limbs are extended as in death, and his eyes are turned up; his extremities are alternately hot and cold; sweating and shivering fits succeed each other; he cannot stool, and his head is frequently turned towards his flanks; he falls suddenly down, and rolls over on his back. The best plan of treatment is the following:Take oil of turpentine, sweet spirits of nitre, oil of junipers, and laudanum, of each half an ounce; mix in a phial. Carraway seeds and ginger powdered, of each one ounce. Mix the

powders in a pint of warm peppermint water, and add the contents of the phial, and give the whole immediately. If he should not be better in two hours, repeat this, and remove four quarts of blood, this will assist in removing the spasms; but if he be restless two hours after bleeding, give him the following drink and clyster:Take castor oil one pound, prepared kali half an ounce, ginger one ounce. Mix in a pint of warm gruel, and give it immediately. This clyster and drink generally succeed in procuring an evacuation through the bowels; but, if twelve hours after using them that effect be not produced, you must repeat them.

11. Hydrospanis. Dry gripes is a dangerous and distressing disorder. It is first discovered by the horse frequently straining to dung. The rectum and the end of the intestines are overloaded and pressed to the fundament; this causes constant endeavours to expel the contents. The tail of the horse has a quick and frequent motion, and he frequently tries to stool, which he can only partially effect, as the dung presses on the neck of the bladder. The disease seldom requires more than the clysters I have mentioned to afford relief, or the following:-Take warm gruel four quarts; then dissolve a handful of common salts, two ounces of Epsom salts, and half a pound of treacle, sweet oil half a pint. Mix them well and use.

12. Scolecia. Worms.

a Botts. The botts are distinguished from all other species of worms by their shape and length; they are of an oval form, and their length varies from half an inch to one inch; in shape and general appearance they resemble casks in miniature; the basis of their color is red, always presenting, however, a dark brown or yellow hue. Botts are frequently found in great numbers, resembling solid masses, and adhering firmly to the internal coat of the stomach, by means of two strong curveted fangs, situated at the smaller end, and by a series of very short feet, arranged on each side of the belly; the body of the bott is composed of ten or twelve circular hoops or joints, and the mouth is generally supposed to be placed at the smaller end, between the two fangs already mentioned.

B Round worms. In shape, and other circumstances, the round worm differs materially from` the bott; its color is usually white; its appearance much resembles that of the common earthworm; its length averages from eight to ten inches; and it is generally found infesting the small intestines.

y Ascarides. Ascarides differ in every respect from the preceding species of worms; they generate exclusively in the larger intestines, and, although they keep the horse in a poor condition, they scarcely ever prove fatal; and then only when the constitution of the animal has been much decayed. Both the ascarides and the round worm are frequently voided with the dung. The treatment of all three species of worms is now pretty well understood. It is similar in each case, and, by paying a due and prompt application to the following line of treatment, a cure may be easily and speedily effected: Take calomel one drachm, castile soap one drachm,

Mix this into a mass with syrup of buckthorn, and give it to the horse at night. In the morning it will be necessary to administer either the following purging drink or ball, as may be preferred :-Take Barbadoes aloes, according to the age and strength of the horse, from three to six drachms, worm seed in powder half an ounce, powdered gentian half an ounce, powdered carraway seeds one ounce. Mix these, and administer it in a pint of strong decoction of wormwood. This drink must be repeated in four or five days time, but the mercurial ball must be omitted after the first exhibition.

13. Icterus. Jaundice. As the horse has no gall bladder, but simple duct, by which the bile is passed from the liver to the intestinal canal, the diseases of the biliary system are not frequent. Jaundice seldom or ever arises as a disease in itself, but very often as symptomatic of other complaints. The symptoms are a yellowish tinge on the inner surface of the eye-lids, eye-balls, nostrils, and mouth, costiveness, dry and hard dung, with debility, loss of appetite, thirst, and high-colored urine. The object to attain, in the cure of jaundice, is to promote a good secretion of bile and urine: for this purpose, calomel and aloes, in the following proportions, must be given every other day :-Take of calomel one drachm, of aloes two drachms. Beat up into a ball, with a little mucilage of gum arabic. When this operates, it need not be repeated; but, if it do not, a dose of salts and gruel must be administered to assist its operation. On the succeeding day give the following:-Take of squill pill a drachm, of nitre half a drachm, of calomel a scruple. Make into a ball with a little soap. Continue the alternate uses of the above medicines, assisted by mashes, warm ale, &c., until the dung becomes of a healthy appearance, and the yellowness abates, which will be in a few days, unless other diseases are connected with jaundice. Let the horse be walked about twice a day, and covered in the stable during the cure.

PART II.

venly and ineffectual manner; that is by means of large syringes. The best apparatus is a pewter pipe, about fourteen inches long, and an inch in bore; they may be purchased at Mr. Long's, veterinary instrument maker, Holborn, London. To this pipe a large pig's or bullock's bladder should be firmly tied. An opening clyster is made by mixing a handful or two of salt with four or five quarts of warm water: to this a little hog's lard or sweet oil should be added. Linseed tea, or thin gruel, with a little treacle or su gar, makes a good emollient clyster. And an anodyne or opiate clyster is made by dissolving from one to three or four drams of crude opium in three or four pints of warm water. This last kind of clyster is employed in locked jaw, especially when it is found impossible to give medicine by the mouth. In this case nourishment must be given also in clysters. Nourishing clysters are made of broth, milk, rich gruel, and sugar. It was observed by Gibson that when nourishing clysters are given in locked jaw, they are sucked upwards by the bowels, and absorbed into the blood. He sustained a horse a considerable time in this way.

3. Fomentations. Fomentations are commonly made by boiling wormwood, chamomile flowers, bay leaves, rue, and elder flowers or leaves in water. Hemlock and poppy heads are used for anodyne fomentations. Warm water, probably, answers as good a purpose as any thing. In painful swellings, where there is great tension of the skin, a little sallad oil may be a useful addition as a relaxant, or some fresh hog's lard. Fomentations should not be used so hot as to give pain, but should be continued for a considerable time, and frequently repeated; on this inded their efficacy greatly depends; and on this account the emollient poultice is always preferable when the situation of the inflamed part is such as will admit of its being applied; for a poultice, when properly made and applied, may be considered as a continual fomentation.

4. Poulticing. The cheapest poultice, and perhaps as good a one as any, is made by pouring boiling water on a quarter of a peck of bran, so as to make a very thin mash; some linseed powder is then to be stirred into it, and a little hog's lard. When linseed powder cannot be had, some oatmeal or flour may be substituted for it. Boiled turnips make a good poultice, and may be improved by the addition of a little linseed powder. Poultices are generally too small, and confined, and too dry. They should be considered as a means of keeping water, mucilage, and oil constantly in contact with the inflamed part; it will then be evident that if they are not constantly moist in every part they cannot answer this purpose.

5. Blistering. Before a blister is applied, the hair must be cut off from the part as closely as possible: this may be much more easily and effectually done by means of shears than scissars. The blistering ointment is then to be well rubbed into the part with the hand; and, after this has been continued about ten minutes, some of the ointment may be smeared on the part. In blistering the legs, the tender part of the heel, under the fetlock joint, is to be avoided, and it may be better to rub a little hog's lard on it in order to

defend it from any of the blisters that may accidentally run down from the leg. When the legs are blistered, all the litter should be removed from the stall, and the horse's head should be carefully secured to prevent his rubbing the blistered parts with his nose.

6. Firing. The instrument to be used for this operation is called the firing-iron; it should have an edge as thin as a blunt adze. Before the iron is used, the hair should be cut off from the part to be operated upon as closely as possible. The instrument should never penetrate the skin, but merely the outward surface of it, or cuticle, leaving a brown mark, which, if properly done, will exude a fluid soon after the operation. If the back sinew or fetlock joint is to be operated upon, the uppermost leg is to be secured and kept straight by webbing fastened from the knee to the hind leg above the hock, and another piece of the same material passed round the pastern, and securely held by an assistant. The under leg should be secured similarly. In operating on the hind leg, it will of course be the under one, and it should be taken out of the hobble; it should be drawn out by an assistant, and held by a piece of webbing. In firing the back sinew, or pastern, of the hind leg, the leg must be drawn towards the fore leg, or shoulder, by two pieces, one passed round the pastern, and the other round the hock, both fastened to a collar placed round about the horse's neck. In sprains it may be secured in a similar manner. When the operation is over, the parts fired should be rubbed with blistering ointment; the horse may be then put into a loose box, with a cradle on his neck, and may be turned out to grass in a fortnight, if the disorder do not appear to warrant a different treatment.

7. Rowelling. Rowels are a kind of drain, and as good as setons. They are produced by an incision in the skin when it is loose, and about an inch long. The incision done, an instrument, called a cornet, which is the tip of a horn, is to be introduced, or else the finger, and the skin separated from the flesh for an inch round. A round piece of leather, with a hole in the middle, is to be introduced into the opening, first having been covered with tow and smeared with simple ointment-basilicon or hog's lard. The opening is then to be stopped up or plugged with tow, and left there until matter forms, which will be in four or five days. The rowel is then to be removed, cleaned, and replaced; which is to be done every day after, as long as it is necessary to keep the wound open for a discharge.

8. Setons. A seton is put in by passing an instrument, called a seton needle, through the skin, armed with lamp-cotton, or tape, or threads. The object is to promote a discharge of matter from any particular place, and keep up an irritation there. A seton is easier done, and altogether a more useful operation than the rowel. The lamp cotton, or tape, is to be drawn a little out every day, so as to let the new part of it be in contact with the wound.

9. Docking. Docking, when done early; that is, when the colt is a mere sucker, may be performed with any common knife, and tied up with a common string, to prevent bleeding; but,

if the operation be deferred until the horse be full grown, a docking knife is to be used. The hair is to be cut closely off the part of the tail to be cut, and the instrument's edge so placed as to come over the hollow between any of the rings or bones of the tail-a simple motion completes the operation. Some sear the tail with a hot iron after the operation; but if a strong twine be tied on the part above the incision, and before the operation, there will be nothing to warrant searing.

10. Nicking. As this operation is seldom performed, we shall not occupy any space in describing a modus operandi of fanciful cruelty.

11. Castration. The best time to castrate is when the animal is about one year old. The horse is to be thrown down upon the left side, and the right hind leg drawn to the shoulder by means of a strong piece of web passed round it in a noose. The testicle is then to be grasped by the operator in his left hand, and pressed gently, so as to render the skin upon it tense. An incision should then be made through the outer skin, and about three inches in length. Having done this, the knife is to be gently used till the vaginal sac is cut through, which will be known by the issuing of water from it. One of the blades of a pair of scissors is then to be introduced, and the vaginal sac cut up as far as the external incision. The testicle will now protrude and contract, but in a little time the cord will relax, when it is to be placed in the clams, leaving the testicles and upper portion, called the epididymis, outside them. The clams are to be made tight, so as to prevent the possibility of the slipping up of the cord after it is cut. This being done, the cord is to be cut with a nearly red-hot firing iron. This is all the searing that will be necessary, and the clams are then to be taken, when the other testicle is to be operated upon in the same manner. No dressing is necessary, and but little if any bleeding will follow. Too much searing often causes bleeding, the very thing it is meant to prevent. It is quite enough to cut off the testicles with a hot iron without further searing. When the operation is finished, the horse should be turned into a box, and in about ten days he will be well, and may be worked without danger. The swelling which occurs after is of no consequence, it will go away; however, if it be considerable, physic should be given.

12. Cropping, an operation seldom performed.

13. Nerve operation. The horse having been secured upon his side, an incision, about three inches above the most prominent part of the fetlock joint, that is the most prominent part when viewed sideways, and just within the back sinew. The incision is to be made quite through the skin to the cellular substance, and the instrument should be sharp, so that the first stroke of it may be sufficient to make the incision, and thus be the less painful to the animal as well as more creditable to the operator; however, care must be taken not to carry the incision down to the cellular substance, which will appear on opening the skin. This must then carefully be dissected away, and the nerve will appear, and immediately behind it a vein of a

bluish color. A crooked needle, armed with a small ligature, or twine, is now to be carefully passed under the nerve from within outward, and the operator must not touch the vein with the point, lest it be wounded, and so embarrass him with the blood which must consequently flow. To avoid this the needle should be a little blunt at the point. When this is done, the needle is to be removed from the twine, and, the nerve having been gently drawn out by the ligature, the cellular substance underneath it is to be cautiously dissected away, taking care not to wound in the slightest degree the nerve itself. A curved bistoury is now to be passed under the nerve, as high up as can be admitted, and at one steady, clean, and well-directed cut, it is to be divided. The bistoury must be as sharp as possible, and the cut to be drawn, and not by pressing the blade directly upwards, as the least laceration of the nerve is dangerous, as well as unnecessarily painful to the animal. The operation itself, of dividing the nerve, gives excessive and sudden pain, which causes the horse to struggle violently; this must be guarded against; but when the division is complete the pain is over. The inferior portion of the nerve, or that which remains next the hoof, is to be drawn out by forceps, and cut out to the extent of from half an inch to an inch. The skin should then be closed, and one stitch applied, which concludes the operation. No dressing or bandage is necessary, and the wound will heal in about three weeks. It will be advisable to turn the horse out to grass a little before the wound is healed, and he should be kept there for about a fortnight, or three weeks, or perhaps more.

14. Bronchotomy. In cases where suffocation is likely to ensue from the windpipe, or trachea, being obstructed, this operation becomes necessary. It is done by first making a longitudinal incision through the skin, so as to lay the trachea bare when with sharp scissors cut out a little square portion of the cartilage, so that the animal can breathe through the opening, until the cause of suffocation is removed. The aperture is to be kept open by a pipe, or large cut at both ends. This operation has been performed for the relief of roaring, but the desired success has never followed it.

15. Esophagotomy. This operation is useful in cases where a large ball, or an apple, or accumulation of bran, &c., may occasion choking. It is done by laying bare the oesophagus, at the left side, immediately over the tumor; then cutting it, and removing the obstruction. Care must be taken to keep clear of the arteries in the incision.

sole, should be so pared down as to be at the distance of a quarter of an inch or more from the corresponding part of the shoe. In preparing the foot for the shoe, the loose parts only of the sole may be removed with the drawing knife; the ragged parts of the frog should be cut away, as they may serve to harbour dirt or gravel. If the toe of the frog is very hard and more prominent than the other parts, it should be pared down moderately. The heel of the shoe should have a perfectly flat and level bearing upon the junction of the bar and crust, which should be rasped to a flat surface for receiving it. The shoe should never extend beyond this part. The whole bottom of the foot, indeed, should be rasped so as to be perfectly flat and level all around, so that, when the horse stands on a plane surface, every part of the crust should bear on that surface. The shoe should be made level also on both surfaces, by the same criterion, and then it must of necessity be fitted to the foot. When this is the case, there will not be that motion in the shoe in travelling by which so many shining surfaces are often worn in it, and by which the nails are loosened, and if they are made of indifferent iron, or badly made, often broken.

2. Stabling. Loftiness is very desirable in a stable. It should never be less than twelve feet high, and the best method of ventilation is by means of a chimney or square opening in the ceiling, communicating with the open air, or it may be made in the form of a dome or cupola, which would be more ornamental. The chimney need not be open at the top so as to admit the rain, but should be roofed, and have lateral openings by means of weather-boards, as they are termed. As to the admission of air into the stable, the usual means provided for that purpose are quite sufficient; that is, by windows. The best floor for a stable, by far, is hard brick; and, next to that, limestone not less than one foot square.

3. Feeding. In the usual way of feeding and treating horses, no attention is paid to the state of the stomach when they are put to work, but frequently they are put into a chaise, or coach, or ridden off at a quick rate with their stomachs loaded with food; the consequence of this has often been gripes, inflammation of the bowels, and even sudden death. The hay, as well as the corn, should, if possible, be divided into four portions, and each portion, both of oats and hay, should be wetted with water: this will facilitate mastication and swallowing, and likewise digestion; a horse thus fed will so quickly digest that he will always be fit for his labor. The largest portion, both of oats and hay, should be given at night; and the next in quantity to this, early in the morning; the other two portions in the forenoon and the afternoon, or about twelve and four. But this must of course depend upon the kind of work a horse is employed in, and must be regulated accordingly. Horses that have been accustomed to an unlimited allowance of hay will often eat their litter when put upon a proper diet, but this must be prevented by a muzzle.

4. Exercise. The horse was evidently designed for exercise, and for the use of man. His