was defeated with the loss of almost all his army, he himself being carried wounded out of the field; and, in consequence of this disaster, Constantine was obliged to do homage to Edward for the possessions he had to the south of the Scottish boundary. In the beginning of the reign of Athelstan, the son of Edward the Elder, the northern Danes were encouraged by some conspiracies formed against that monarch to throw off the yoke; and their success was such that Athelstan entered into a treaty with Sithrac the Danish chief, and gave him his daughter in marriage. Sithrac, however, did not long survive bis nuptials; and his son Guthred, endeavouring o throw off the English yoke, was defeated, and obliged to fly into Scotland. This brought on a series of hostilities between the Scots and English, which in 938 issued in a general engagement. At this time the Scots, Irish, Cumbrians, and Danes, were confederated against the English. The Scots were commanded by their king Constantine, the Irish by Anlaf, the brother of Guthred the Danish prince, the Cumbrians by their own sovereign, and the Danes by Froda. The generals of Athelstan were Edmund his brother, and Turketii his favorite. The English attacked the entrenchments of the confederates, where the chief resistance they met with was from the Scots. Constantine was in the utmost danger of being killed or taken prisoner, but was rescued by the bravery of his soldiers; however, after a most obstinate engagement, the confederates were defeated with such slaughter that the slain are said to have been innumerable. The consequence was, that the Scots were deprived of all their possessions south of the Forth; and Constantine, quite dispirited by his misfortune, resigned the crown to Malcolm, and retired to the monastery of the Culdees at St. Andrews, where he became a canon, and died five years after, in 943. The distresses which the English sustained in their subsequent wars with the Danes gave the Scots an opportunity of retrieving their affairs; and in 944 Malcolm I., the successor of Constantine, was invested with the sovereignty of Northumberland, on condition of his holding it as a fief of the crown of England, and assisting in defence of the northern border. Soon after the conclusion of this treaty, Malcolm going to the county of Moray, to settle some disturbances, was treacherously murdered in the ninth year of his reign. The murderers were all apprehended, tortured, and put to death. Malcolm was succeeded by his son Indulfus, A. D. 952. In this reign the Danes became extremely formidable by their invasions, which they now renewed with greater fury than ever, being exasperated by the friendship subsisting between the Scots and English monarchs. Haquin, king of Norway, also attempted an invasion, but was defeated by Indulfus. The first descent of the Danes was upon East Lothian, where they were soon expelled, but crossed over to Fife. Here they were again defeated, and driven out; and so well had Indulfus guarded the coasts that they could not find an opportunity of landing; till, having seemed to steer towards their own country, the Scots were thrown off their guard, and the Danes on a sudden made good their land

ing at Cullen, in Banffshire. Here Indulfus soon came up with them, attacked their camp, and drove them towards their ships; but was killed in an ambuscade, into which he fell during his pursuit, in the ninth year of his reign. He was succeeded by Duffus the son of Malcolm 1. A. D. 961, to whom historians gave an excellent character; but, after a reign of five years, he was murdered in 966. He was succeeded by Culen the son of Indulfus, who had been nominated prince of Cumberland, in his father's lifetime, as heir-apparent to the throne. He is represented as a very degenerate prince; and is said to have given himself up to sensuality in a manner almost incredible, being guilty of incontinence not only with women of all ranks, but even with his own sisters and daughters. The people in the mean time were fleeced to support the extravagance and luxury of their prince. In consequence of this, an assembly of the states was convened at Scone for the resettling of the government; but on his way thither Culen was assassinated in the fourth year of his reign, near the village of Mothven, by Rohard, or Rodard, thane of Fife, whose daughter he had debauched. The provocations which Culen had given to his nobility seem to have rendered them totally untractable and licentious; which gave an occasion to a remarkable revolution in the reign of Kenneth III., who succeeded Culen, A. D. 970. This prince, being a man of great resolution, began with relieving the common people from the oppressions of the nobility, which were now intolerable; and this plan he pursued with so much success that, having nothing to fear from the great barons, he ordered them to appear before him at Lanerk; but the greatest part, conscious of their demerits, did not attend. The king so well dissembled his displeasure that those who came were quite charmed with his affability, and the noble entertainment he gave them; in consequence of which, when an assembly was called next year, the guilty were encouraged to appear as well as the innocent. No sooner had this assembly met, however, than the place of meeting was beset with armed men. The king then informed them that none had any thing to apprehend, excepting such as had been notorious offenders; and these he ordered to be immediately taken into custody, telling them that their submitting to public justice must be the price of their liberty. They were obliged to accept the king's offer, and the criminals were punished according to their deserts. About this time Edgar, king of England, finding himself hard pressed by the Danes, found means to unite the king of Scotland and the prince of Cumberland along with himself in a treaty against the Danes; which gave occasion to a report that Kenneth had become tributary to the king of England. This, however, is utterly denied by all the Scottish historians; who affirm that Kenneth cultivated a good correspondence with Edgar, both because he expected assistance in defending his coasts, and because he intended entirely to alter the mode of succession to the throne. About this time the Danes made a dreadful invasion. Their original intention seems to have been to land on some part of the

English coasts; but, finding them probably too well guarded, they landed at Montrose in Scotland, committing every where the most dreadful ravages. Kenneth at that time was at Stirling, and quite unprepared; however, having collected a handful of troops, he cut off many of the enemy as they were straggling up and down, but could not prevent them from besieging Perth. Nevertheless, as the king's army constantly increased, he resolved to give the enemy battle. The scene of this action was at Luncarty, near Perth. The king is said to have offered ten pounds in silver, or the value of it in land, for the head of every Dane which should be brought him; and an immunity from all taxes to the soldiers who served in his army, provided they should be victorious; but, notwithstanding the utmost efforts of the Scots, their enemies fought so desperately that Kenneth's army fled, and must have been totally defeated, had not the fugitives been stopped by a yeoman, named Thomas, and his two sons, who were coming up to the battle. Buchanan and Boece inform us, that these countrymen were ploughing in a field hard by the scene of action, and, perceiving that their countrymen fled, they loosed their oxen, and made use of the yokes as weapons, with which they first obliged their countrymen to stand, and then fell upon their enemies. The fight was now renewed with such fury on the part of the Scots, that the Danes were utterly defeated; and, after the battle, the king rewarded Thomas with the barony of Errol, in the Carse of Gowrie, ennobled his family, and gave them an armorial bearing of a bloody yoke in a field, alluding to the rustic weapons with which they had achieved this glorious exploit; and gave him also the surname of Hay, because, when weary with the fatigue of his exertions, he had said Oh Hay! After this Kenneth stained all his glory by poisoning prince Malcolm, lord of Cumberland, &c., the heir apparent of the crown and, to secure the succession more effectually in his own family, prevailed on the states to make the succession hereditary, without regard to infancy or age. After this, either the king's conscience persuaded him, or the superstition of the times invented the story, that he heard a voice from heaven, threatening him and his son with vengeance for the murder of the prince. In either case the threatening was fulfilled. In 994 Kenneth was murdered by a lady named Fenella, whose son he had caused to be put to death. The murder was perpetrated in Fenella's castle, at Fettercairn, in the Mearns, where she had persuaded the king to pay her a visit, by an automaton image of the king in brass, which held out a golden apple in its hand; which Fenella desired the king to take, but he had no sooner done so, than the internal springs moved a cross-bow held by the image, and shot the king through the body. His attendants waited long near the place; but, being at length tired out, they broke open the doors, and found their king murdered; upon which they laid the castle in ashes; but Fenella had escaped by a postern.

The throne was then seized by a usurper pamed Coustantine IV. the son of Culen, who, VOL. XIX

being killed in battle at Cramond, after a reign of a year and a half, was succeeded by Grim, the son of king Duffus; and he again was defeated and killed by Malcolm the son of Kenneth, the lawful heir of the Scottish throne, A. D. 1004. After this victory, however, Malcolm did not immediately assume the sovereignty; but asked the crown from the nobles, although, by the law passed in the reign of Kenneth, the succession to the throne of Scotland was now hereditary. This they immediately granted, and Malcolm was crowned king, A. D. 1004. He joined himself in alliance with the king of England; and proved so successful against the Danes in England, that Sweno their king resolved to direct his whole force against him by an invasion of Scotland. His first attempt, however, proved very unsuccessful; all his soldiers being cut in pieces, except some few who escaped to their ships, while the loss of the Scots amounted to only thirty men. But in the mean time, Duncan prince of Cumberland, having neglected to pay his homage to the king of England, the latter invaded that country in conjunction with the Danes. Malcolm took the field against them, and defeated both; but while he was thus employed in the south, a new army of Danes landed in the north at the mouth of the Spey. Malcolm advanced against them with an army much inferior in number; and his men, neglecting every thing but the blind impulses of fury, were almost all cut to pieces: Malcolm himself being desperately wounded. By this victory the Danes were so much elated that they sent for their wives and children, intending to settle in this country. The castle of Nairn, then thought almost impregnable, fell into their hands; and the towns of Elgin and Forres were abandoned both by their garrisons and inhabitants. The Scots were every-where treated as a conquered people, and employed in the most servile offices by the haughty conquerors; who, to render the castle of Nairn, as they thought, absolutely impregnable, cut through the small isthmus which joined it to the land. this time, however, Malcolm was raising forces in the southern counties; and, having at last got an army together, he came up with the Danes at Murtloch, near Balveney, which appears at this day to have been a strong Danish fortification. Here he attacked the enemy; but, having the misfortune to lose three of his general officers, he was again obliged to retreat. ever, the Danish general happening to be killed in the pursuit, the Scots were encouraged to renew the fight with such vigor that they obtained at last a complete victory; but suffered so much that they were unable to derive from it all the advantages which might otherwise have accrued. On the news of this ill success, Sweno ordered two fleets, one from England and another from Norway, to make a descent upon Scotland, under Camus, one of his most renowned generals. The Danes attempted to land at the mouth of the Forth; but, finding every place there well fortified, they were obliged to move farther northward, and effected their purpose at Redhead in Angus-shire. The castle of Brechin was first besieged; but, meeting with a stout resistance there, they laid the town and 2 D

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church in ashes. Thence they advanced to the village of Panbride, and encamped at a place called Karbuddo. Malcolm in the mean time was at hand with his army, and encamped at a place called Barr, in the neighbourhood of which both parties prepared to decide the fate of Scotland; for, as Moray and the northern provinces were already in the possession of the Danes, it was evident that a victory at this time must put them in possession of the whole. The engagement was desperate, and so bloody that the rivulet which proceeds from Loch Tay is said to have had its waters dyed with the blood of the slain; but at last the Danes gave way and fled. There was at that time in the army of Malcolm, a young prince of the name of Keith, who commanded a colony of the Catti, a German tribe, who settled in the north of Scotland, and gave name to Caithness. He pursued Camus; and, having overtaken him, engaged and killed him; but another Scottish officer coming up, disputed with Keith the glory of the action. While the dispute lasted Malcolm came up; who suffered them to decide it by single combat. In this second combat Keith proved also victorious, and killed his antagonist. The dying person confessed the justice of Keith's claim; and Malcolm dipping his finger in his blood marked the shield of Keith with three strokes, pronouncing the words Veritas vincit, Truth overcomes, which has ever since been the armorial bearing and motto of the family of Keith. The shattered remains of the Danish forces reached their ships; but being driven back by contrary winds, and provisions becoming scarce, they put ashore 500 men on the coast of Buchan, to procure them some food: but, their communication with the ships being soon cut off, they fortified themselves as well as they could, and made a desperate resistance; but at last were all put to the sword. The place where this massacre happened is still called Crudane; being probably an abbreviation of Cruor Danorum, i. e. the blood of the Danes, a name imposed on it by the ecclesiastics of those days. Sweno, not yet discouraged, sent his son Canute, afterwards king of England, and one of the greatest warriors of that age (see CANUTE), into Scotland, with an army more powerful than any that had yet appeared. Canute landed in Buchan; and, as the Scots were much weakened by such a long continued war, Malcolm thought proper to act on the defensive. But the Scots, who now thought themselves invincible, demanded to be led on to a general engagement. Malcolm complied with their desire, and a battle ensued; in which, though neither party had much reason to boast of victory, the Danes were so much reduced that they willingly concluded a peace on the following terms, viz.—That the Danes should immediately depart Scotland; that as long as Malcolm and Sweno lived neither of them should wage war with the other, or help each other's enemies; and that the field in which the battle was fought should be set apart and consecrated for the burial of the dead. These stipulations were punctually fulfilled by Malcolm, who built in the neighbourhood a chapel dedicated to Olaus, the tutelar saint of these northern nations. After all these glorious exploits, and becoming

the second legislator in the Scottish nation, Malcolm is said to have stained the latter part of his reign with avarice and oppression; in consequence of which he was murdered at the age of eighty, after he had reigned above thirty years. This assassination was perpetrated when he was on his way to Glammis. His own domestics are said to have been privy to the murder, and to have fled along with the conspirators; but, in passing the lake of Forfar on the ice, it gave way with them, and they were all drowned, their bodies being discovered some days after. This account is confirmed by the sculptures upon some stones erected near the spot; one of them which is still called Malcolm's gravestone, and all of them exhibit some rude representations of the murder and the fate of the assassins.

Malcolm II. was succeeded in 1034 by his grandson Duncan I., but he is said to have had another grandson, by a daughter named Dowoda, viz. the famous Macbeth; though some are of opinion that Macbeth was not the grandson of Malcolm, but of Fenella who murdered Kenneth III. The first years of Duncan's reign passed in tranquility, but domestic broils soon took place on the following occasion. Banquo, thane of Lochaber, and ancestor to the royal family of Stuart, acted then in the capacity of steward to Duncan, by collecting his rents; but, being very rigid in the execution of his office, he was way-laid, robbed, and almost murdered. Of this outrage Banquo complained, as soon as he recovered of his wounds and could appear at court. The robbers were summoned to surrender themselves to justice; but, instead of obeying, they killed the messenger. Macbeth represented this in such strong terms that he was sent with an army to reduce the insurgents, who had already destroyed many of the king's friends. This commission he performed with such success that the rebel chief put an end to his own life; after which Macbeth sent his head to the king, and then proceeded with the utmost severity against the insurgents, who were composed of Irishmen, Islanders, and Highlanders. This insurrection was scarcely quelled, when the Danes landed again in Fife; and Duncan put himself at the head of an army, having the thanes Macbeth and Banquo serving under him. The Danes were commanded by Sweno king of Norway, and eldest son of Canute. He proceeded with all the barbarity customary with his nation, putting to death men, women, and children, who fell in his way. A battle was fought between the two nations near Culross, in which the Scots were defeated; but the Danes purchased their victory so dearly that they could not improve it; and Duncan retreated to Perth, while Macbeth was sent to raise more forces. In the mean time Sweno laid siege to Perth, which was defended by Duncan and Banquo. The Danes were so much distressed for want of provisions, that they at last consented to treat of a peace, provided the pressing necessities of the army were relieved. The Scottish historians inform us that this treaty was set on foot to amuse Sweno, and gain time for the stratagem which Duncan was preparing. This was no other than a barbarous contrivance of infusing intoxicating herbs into

the liquors that were sent along with the other provisions to the Danish camp. These soporifics had their intended effect; and, while the Danes were under their influence, Macbeth and Banquo broke into their camp, where they put all to the sword, and it was with difficulty that some of Sweno's attendants carried him on board the only ship of all the fleet that returned to Norway. It was not long, however, before a fresh body of Danes landed at Kinghorn, in Fifeshire; but they were entirely defeated by Macbeth and Banquo. Such of the Danes as escaped fled to their ships; but before they departed they obtained leave to bury their dead in Inchcolm, a small island lying in the Forth, where one of their monuments is still to be seen. Thus ended the formidable invasions of the Danes; after which Duncan applied himself to the administration of justice, and the reformation of the manners of his subjects. Macbeth, however, who had obtained great reputation by his success against the Danes, began to form ambitious designs, and to aspire to the crown itself. The fables relating to his usurpation are so well known, from the tragedy composed by Shakspeare which bears the name of Macbeth, that we need not take notice of them; but only mention the fact, that Duncan, not knowing he had so dangerous an enemy near his person, was murdered at Inverness, in the sixth year of his reign, by Macbeth, who succeeded him in the throne, A. D. 1040. During the greatest part of the reign of the usurper, Malcolm, the true heir to the crown of Scotland, kept close in his principality of Cumberland, without any thoughts of ascending his father's throne. Macbeth for some time governed with moderation, and enacted some excellent laws, but at last became a tyrant. Becoming jealous of Banquo, the most powerful subject in his dominions, he invited him to an entertainment, and caused him to be treacherously murdered. His son Fleance was destined to the same fate, but escaped to Wales. After him Macduff, the thane of Fife, was the most powerful person in Scotland; for which reason, Macbeth determined to destroy him. But Macduff, understanding this, fled to France; and Macbeth cruelly put to death his wife and infant children, and sequestrated his estate. Macduff vowed revenge, and encouraged Malcolm to attempt to dethrone the tyrant. Macbeth opposed them with his whole force; but, being defeated in a pitched battle, he took refuge in the most inaccessible places of the Highlands, where he defended himself for two years; but in the mean time Malcolm was acknowledged king of Scotland, and crowned at Scone, A. D. 1055. The war between Macbeth and the new king continued for two years after the coronation of the latter; but at last he was killed in a sally by Macduff. However, the public tranquillity did not end with his life. His followers elected one of his kinsmen named Lullach, surnamed the Idiot, to succeed him: but he, unable to withstand Malcolm, withdrew to the north, where, being pursued, he was killed at Essey, in Strathbogie, after a reign of four months. Malcolm being now established on the throne, A. D. 1057, began with rewarding Macduff for

his great services; and conferred upon his family four extraordinary privileges:-1. That they should place the king in his chair of state at the coronation. 2. That they should lead the van of all the royal armies. 3. That they should have a regality within themselves: and, 4. That if any of Macduff's family should happen to kill a nobleman unpremeditatedly, he should pay twenty-four marks of silver, and if a plebeian, twelve. The king's next care was to reinstate in their father's possessions all the children who had been disinherited by the late tyrant; which he did in a convention of his nobles held at Forfar. In the time of William the Conqueror, Malcolm was engaged in a dangerous war with England, the occasion of which was as follows: On the death of Edward the Confessor, Harold II. seized the throne of England, to the prejudice of Edgar Atheling the true heir to the crown. However, he created him earl of Oxford, and treated him with great respect; but, on the defeat and death of Harold, William discovered some jealousy of Edgar. Soon after, William having occasion to pay a visit to his dominions in Normandy, he appointed Edgar to attend him, along with some other noblemen whom he suspected to be in his interest; but, on his return to England, he found the people in a state of such disaffection to his government, that he proceeded with great severity, and great numbers of his subjects were obliged to take refuge in Cumberland and the southern parts of Malcolm's dominions. Edgar had two sisters, Margaret and Christina: these, with his two chief friends, Gospatric and Marteswin, soon made him sensible how precarious his life was under such a jealous tyrant, and persuaded him to make preparations for flying into Hungary or some foreign country. Edgar accordingly set sail with his mother Agatha, his two sisters, and a great train of Anglo-Saxon noblemen; but by stress of weather was forced into the Frith of Forth, where the illustrious exiles landed at the place since called the Queen's Ferry. Malcolm no sooner heard of their landing than he paid them a visit in person; and at this visit became enamoured of the princess Margaret. In consequence of this the chief of Edgar's party repaired to the court of Scotland. William soon made a formal demand of Edgar; and, on Malcolm's refusal, declared war against him. William was the most formidable enemy the Scots had ever encountered, as having not only the whole force of England, but of Normandy at his command. However, as he had tyrannised most unmercifully over his English subjects, they were much more inclined to assist his enemies than himself; and he even found himself obliged to give up the county of Northumberland to Gospatric, who had followed Edgar, upon condition of his making war on the Scots. This nobleman accordingly invaded Cumberland; in return for which Malcolm ravaged Northumberland in a dreadful manner, carrying off an immense booty, and inviting the Irish and Danes to join him: for even at this time the Danes kept up their claims upon the crown of England. The Irish were also interested in advancing the cause of Harold's three sons, who had put themselves

under their protection; besides their view to obtain plunder. However, as all these views tended to the destruction of William's power, a union was formed against him; but, when they came to stipulations, the parties disagreed. The three sons of Harold, with a body of Irish, made a descent upon Somersetshire, and defeated a body of English; but the Irish having obtained an opportunity of acquiring some booty immediately retired with it. The Danes landed at the mouth of the Humber from forty small ships, where they were joined by Edgar and his party; and had the allies been unanimous, it is probable that William's government would have been overthrown. By this time the latter had taken from Gospatric the earldom of Northumberland, and given it to Robert Cummin one of his Norman barons; but the Northumbrians having joined Gospatric, and received the Danes as their countrymen, murdered Cummin and all his followers at Durham. After this they laid siege to the forts built by William in Yorkshire: but, not being able to reduce them, the English, Scots, and Danes, united their forces, and took the city of York, and put the garrison of 3000 Normans to the sword; this success was followed by many incursions and ravages, in which the Danes and Nort. umbrians acquired great booty. It soon appeared, however, that these allies had the interest of Edgar no more at heart than the Irish: and that all the dependence of this forlorn prince was upon Mal colm and the few Englishmen who had followed his fortune: for the booty was no sooner obtained than the Danes retired to their ships, and the Northumbrians to their habitations. In the mean time William, having raised a considerable army, advanced northwards. He first took a severe revenge upon the Northumbrians; then reduced the city of York, and put to death a great number of the inhabitants; when, perceiving that danger was still threatened by the Danes, he bribed them with a sum of money to depart to their own country. Malcolm was now left alone to encounter this formidable adversary; and, finding himself unable to oppose so great a force, withdrew to his own dominions, where he remained for some time upon the defensive, His second invasion took place in 1071, while William was employed in quelling an insurrection in Wales. He is said at this time to have behaved with the greatest cruelty. Bursting into England by Cumberland he ravaged Teesdale; and at a place called Hundreds-keld massacred several English noblemen, with all their followers. Thence he marched to Cleveland, in the north riding of Yorkshire; which he also ravaged with the utmost cruelty, sending back the booty with part of the army to Scotland: after which he pillaged the bishopric of Durham, where he is said not to have spared the most sacred edifices. Meanwhile Gospatric, to whom William had again ceded Northumberland, attempted to make a diversion in his favor by invading Cumberland; but, being defeated by Malcolm, he was obliged to shut himself up in Bamborough castle; while the latter returned in triumph to Scotland, where he married the princess Margaret, who proved a most excellent queen. In 1072 William, having

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greatly augmented his army, in his turn invaded Scotland. The particulars of the war are unknown; but it ended to the disadvantage of the Scots, as Malcolm agreed to pay him homage. The English historians contend that the homage was for the whole of his dominions; but the Scots with more show of reason affirm that it was only for those he possessed south of the Tweed. On the conclusion of the peace a cross was erected at Stanmore in Richmondshire, with the arms of both kings, to serve as a boundary between the possessions of William and the feudal dominions of Malcolm. Part of this monument, called Re-cross, or rather Roy-cross, or the cross of the kings, was entire in the days of Camden. This peace produced the greatest alteration in the manners of the Scots. What chiefly contributed to this was the excellent disposition of queen Margaret, who was, for that age, a pattern of piety and politeness and next to this was the number of foreigners who ha! settled in Scotland; among whom were some Frenchmen. Malcolm himself, also, was far from being averse to a reformation, and even set the example. During her husband's absence in England queen Margaret had chosen for her confessor one Turgot, whom she also made her assistant in her intended reformation. She began with new-modelling her own court; into which she introduced the offices, furniture, and manner of living, common in the more polite nations of Europe; dismissing from her service all who were noted for immorality and impiety. Turgot she charged, on pain of her displeasure, to give his real sentiments on the state of the kingdom, and was informed by him that faction reigned among the nobles, rapine among the commons, and licentiousness among all ranks. Above all, he complained that the kingdom was destitute of a learned clergy. This the queen represented to her husband, and prevailed upon him to set about the work of reformation; in which, however, he met with considerable opposition. The Scots, accustomed to oppress their inferiors, thought all restrictions of their power were as many steps towards their slavery. The introduction of foreign offices and titles confirmed them in this opinion; and such a dangerous insurrection happened in Moray and some of the northern counties, that Malcolm was obliged to march against the rebels. He found them indeed very formidable; but they were so much intimidated by his resolution, that they intreated the clergy who were among them to intercede with the king. Malcolm received their submission, but refused to grant an unconditional pardon. He gave all the common people indeed leave to return to their habitations, but obliged the higher ranks to surrender themselves to his pleasure. Many of the most guilty were put to death, or had their estates confiscated. checked the rebellious spirit of the Scots; upon which Malcolm returned to his plans. Still, however, he found himself opposed even in those abuses which were most obvious and glaring, and durst not entirely abolish many odious customs. In those days the Scots were without the practice of saying grace after meals, till it was introduced by Margaret, who gave a glass of

This severity