my mistook them for his companions, and was captured before he discovered his mistake. Piomingo accosted him with harsh language, saying, "Rascal, you have been killing white men!" He then ordered two of his men to extend his arms, and a third to shoot him. When this was done, and his scalp taken, they proceeded to join the army.

We learn the name of one other who was with St. Clair. He was called James Anderson, and was brother to the chief John Morris, who, 23 June, 1793, was murdered not above 600 paces from Gov. Blount's house in Knoxville. He was shot by some unknown persons. The governor ordered him to be buried in the burying ground of the white people, with military honors. A procession was formed, headed by himself, and he was interred with great respect.

In 1793, the Spaniards of Louisiana made large offers to the Chikasaws, to induce them to forsake the Americans; but their offers were treated with contempt, especially by Piomingo.

Mushalatubec was a Chikasaw chief, with whom Gen. Lafayette be came acquainted in his last visit to this country. His first knowledge of him, as will appear from the following extracts out of M. Levasseur's work "LAFAYETTE EN AMERIQUE," &c., was at the residence of the 'sage of Monticello."

Mushalatubec, and Pushamata a Choctaw chief, already mentioned, were at Washington when the general arrived there, in December, 1824, being there at the meeting of congress, according to custom, with many other chiefs, to brighten the chain of friendship, receive presents, and make known the wants of their countrymen. At this time Mushalatubec made the following agreeable speech to Gen. Lafayette.

"You are one of our fathers. You have fought by the side of the great Washington. We will receive here your hand as that of a friend and father. We have always walked in the pure feelings of peace, and it is this feeling which has caused us to visit you here. We present you pure hands— hands that have never been stained with the blood of Americans. We live in a country far from this, where the sun darts his perpendicular rays upon us. We have had the French, the Spaniards and the English for neighbors; but now we have only the Americans; in the midst and with whom we live as friends and brothers."

Then Pushamala, the first of their chiefs, began a speech in his turn, and expressed himself in these words: "There has passed nearly 50 snows since you drew the sword as a companion of Washington. With him you have combated the enemies of America. Thou hast generously mingled thy blood with that of the enemy, and hast proved thy devotedness to the cause which thou defendedst. After thou hadst finished that war, thou hadst returned into thy country, and now thou comest to revisit that land where thou art honored and beloved in the remembrance of a numerous and powerful people. Thou seest everywhere the children of those for whom thou hast defended liberty, crowd around thee, and press thy hands with filial affection. We have heard related all these things in the depths of the distant forests, and our hearts have been ravished with a desire to behold thee. We are come, we have pressed thy hand, and we are satisfied. This is the first time that we have seen thee, and it will probably be the last. We have no more to add. The earth will part us forever."

"In pronouncing these last words, the old Indian had in his manner and voice something very solemn. He seemed agitated by some sad pre

*They might not have been introduced to the general when he saw them at Mr. Jefferson's. M. Levasseur says, in speaking of the Indian deputation, "A leur těte étaient deux chefs que nous avions vous s'asseoir un jour à la table de M. Jefferson, pendant notre séjour à Monticello. Je les reconnus à leurs oreilles decoupées en longues Lanières, garnies de longues lames de plomb."

sentiments. We heard of his death a few days after; he was taken sick, and died before he could set out to return to his own people. When satisfied that his end was approaching, he caused all his companions to be assembled, and he desired them to raise him up, and to put upon him all his ornaments, and bring to him his arms, that his death should be that of a man's. He manifested a desire that at his interment the Americans would do him military honors, and that they would discharge cannon over his grave. They promised him that it should be done; he then talked freely with his friends, and expired without a groan in the midst of conversation." His monument occupies a place among the great men in the cemetery at Washington. Upon one side is this inscrip

tion :

"PUSH-MA-TAHA, A CHOCTAW CHIEF, LIES HERE.

THIS MONUMENT TO

HIS MEMORY IS ERECTED BY HIS BROTHER CHIEFS, WHO WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIM IN A DELEGATION FROM THEIR nation, IN THE YEAR 1824, TO THE general govERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES."

And on the other:

HE WAS

"PUSH-MA-TAHA WAS A WARRIOR OF GREAT DISTINCTION. WISE IN COUNCIL, ELOQUENT IN AN EXTRAORDINARY DEGREE; AND ON ALL OCCASIONS, AND UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES, THE WHITE MAN'S FRIEND. HE DIED IN WASHINGTON, ON THE 24TH OF DECEMBER, 1824, OF THE CRAMP, IN THE 60TH year of his AGE."

That Pushamata, or Pushmataha, was a warrior, has been said. In the late war with England, he assisted in subduing his countrymen at the south. In Gen. Claiborne's army he distinguished himself, particularly in the battle of the Holy Ground, (called by the Indians Eccanachaca,) upon the Alabama River, 80 miles from Fort Claiborne. Here the celebrated Weatherford resided, also Hillishago the prophet.

curs.

In the treaty which the chiefs and warriors of the Choktaus held with the U. S. commissioners, 18 Oct. 1820, “at the treaty ground, in said nation, near Doak's Stand, on the Natches Road," the following passage oc"Whereas the father of the beloved chief Mushulatubee, of the lower towns, for and during his life, did receive from the United States the sum of 150 dollars, annually; it is hereby stipulated, that his son and successor, Muskulatubee, shall annually be paid the same amount during his natural life." Hence it would lead us to suppose, without further investigation, that both the father and son had rendered the country very important services.

Hillishago, it appears, survived Gen. Jackson's campaigns, and not long after went to England, still hoping to gain assistance from that nation to enable him to operate with effect against the Americans. He was, upon his return, the immediate instigator and cause of the Seminole war, having taken up his residence among them, unable to stay longer in his own country. The belief was imposed upon him by some abandoned English traders, that there was a provision in the treaty of Ghent for the restoration of their country. He received much attention while in England, and some encouragement, but nothing absolute. An English journal thus mentions his arrival:-"The sound of trumpets announced the approach of the patriot Francis, who fought so gloriously in our cause in America during the late war. Being drest in a most splendid suit of red and gold, and wearing a tomahawk set with gold, gave him a highly imposing appearance."

About the end of November, or beginning of December, 1817, a war party of Seminoles captured an American, and conveyed him immedi

ately to their principal village, called Mikasauky. Here it appears dwelt Francis and his family. The American, whose name was M'Krimmon, was ordered to be immediately burnt to death. The stake was set, M'Krimmon, with his head shaved, was bound to it, and wood was piled up about him. When they had finished their dance, and the fire was about to be kindled, a daughter of the chief, who had been witnessing the preparations with a sad countenance, flew to her father, and, upon her knees, begged that he would spare the prisoner's life; and it was not until, like the celebrated Pocahontas, she showed a determination to perish with him, that her father consented to prolong his life for the present. It was still his intention, that, if he could not sell the victim for a certain sum, to have carried his former purpose into effect; but on offering him to the Spaniards, the demanded sum was paid for him, and thus his liberation was effected.

After Francis fell into the hands of the Americans and was hanged, his family, consisting of a wife and several daughters, surrendered themselves to the Americans at St. Mark's. The youngest daughter, about fourteen years of age, was treated with great attention by all the officers for having saved the life of M'Krimmon. She was said to have been very handsome.

Mikasauky was the chief rendezvous of the war party, and had been known at least a century by the name Bâton Rouge. This name was given it by the French, and the Anglo-Americans called it the Red Sticks, to avoid the use of the same name in French. Hence the Indians who made this their quarters, were called Red Sticks. At this period they had revived the practice of setting up poles or sticks, and striping them with red, which was only when they intended war. The Americans, not knowing their practice, supposed these poles were painted with red stripes in derision of their liberty poles. Mikasauky, now Red Sticks, was upon a border of Mikasauky Lake.

Hornotlimed was another principal Seminole chief, whose residence was at Foul Town in the beginning of the war; but, being driven from thence, he repaired to Mikasauky. Three vessels having arrived at the mouth of the Apalachicola on the 30 November, 1817, with military stores for the supply of the garrison, were, from contrary winds, unable to ascend. Lieut. Scott was despatched for their assistance, in a boat with forty men. The old chief Hornotlimed, who had just before been driven from Foul Town, by a detachment of Gen. Gaines's army, with a band of his warriors, had concealed themselves in the bank of the river; and when Lieut. Scott and his men returned, they were fired upon, and all except six soldiers, who jumped overboard and swam to the opposite shore, were killed. Twenty of the soldiers had been left for the aid of the ascending vessels, and about the same number of women and sick were in their places. These fell into the hands of Hornotlimed and his warriors, who dashed out their brains upon the sides of the boat, took off their scalps, and carried them to Mikasauky, where they exhibited them upon their red poles, in memory of their victory. This chief and his companion, Hillishago, were doomed shortly to expiate with their lives for this massacre.

The Mikasauky town was soon after visited by the army, but the Indians had all fled, their red pole was left standing, and the scalps upon it; many of which were recognised as having been taken from Lieut. Scott's At length a vessel cruising near the mouth of Apalachicola River, to prevent the escape of the Indians in that direction, with English colors displayed, decoyed on board the famous chiefs, Hornotlimed, and the prophet Francis. These the Americans hanged without trial or delay.

men.

Neamathla was a warrior of note and renown, before the war of 1812

with Great Britain. He was a Seminole chief; but where his residence was previous to that war we have not heard; but after the Seminole war, he lived upon a good estate, at Tallahassee, of which estate a mile square was under improvement. This, in 1823, Neamathla, at the head of the chiefs of his nation, gave up, with other lands, for the benefit of the U. States, by a treaty which they made with its agents at Moultrie Creek, in Florida, on the 18 September of that year.

par

In an additional article of said treaty, we read-"Whereas Nea Mathla, John Blount, Tuski Hajo, Mullato King, Emathlochee, and Econchatimico, six of the principal chiefs of the Florida Indians, and ties to the treaty to which this article has been annexed, have warmly appealed to the commissioners for permission to remain in the district of country now inhabited by them, and in consideration of their friendly disposition, and past services to the U. States," it was agreed that Neamathla and his followers should have four square miles, embracing Tuphulga village, on Rocky Comfort Creek; Blount and Hajo a tract on Apalachicola River; Mullato King and Emathlochee upon the same river; and Econchatimico on the Chatahoochie. With Neamathla there settled 30 men, with Blount, 43; Mullato King, 30; with Emathlochee, 28; with Econchatimico, 38; the other Florida Indians, by the same treaty, were to remove to the Amazura, or Withlahuche River, upon the peninsula of Florida.

The U. States agreed by the same treaty to award 500 dollars to Neamathla, as a compensation for the improvements abandoned by him, as well as to meet the expenses of his removal.

A word more of the countrymen of Neamathla, who emigrated to the western coast of the peninsula, before we proceed to other subjects. "The land," says Mr. Williams, to which they are "legally banished, consists of dry sand ridges and interminable swamps, almost wholly unfit for cultivation; where it has cost the U. States more than their land was worth to support them. They are now in a starving condition; they have killed the stock of the American settlers, in every part of the territory, to support themselves, already; and there is no present prospect of their situation becoming improved." What is calculated to add to their miserable condition, is the limits within which they are restricted; they do not allow them to go nearer than within 15 miles of the sea. A garrison was established at Tampa to supply them with necessaries, and keep them in order.

M'Queen, we have had occasion to notice in the course of the present chapter; but without saying all we had to say then, we passed him over for a more convenient opportunity; however, the remainder of what we know of him will require but few words.

Peter M'Queen was a Creek chief, of the family or tribe of Tukabatchie, whose residence was at a place upon the Tallapoosie, of the same name as that of the tribe. When, in 1814, he chose flight rather than submission, he fled from Tukabatchie, and with a few other desperate spirits, took refuge in Florida. In 1817 he resided on the Okolokne River. He was a chief of consequence, possessed a valuable property, in lands and negroes. His effects were seized upon as lawful booty, about the time of his escape. A half breed, by the name of Barney, had 10 negroes that had belonged to him, and a chief called Auchi-halche, alias Colonel, had 20 more. To the persons who had made plunder of his slaves, he protested, they could have no claim upon him, and that he had never injured them. He therefore applied to a Mr. R. Arbuthnott, to intercede with the officer at the U. States military post, Fort Gaines, for some relief; this he

*Account of Florida, 72, 73.