THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A

DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME VII

CONSTANTINE PAVLOVICH to DEMIDOV

NEW YORK

'THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY

1910

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME VII. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL

CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE

ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. Bo.*

:{

Formerly Editor of the Outlook. Author of Christopher Columbus; Master-singers; Dance (in part).
The Complete Motorist; Wagner Stories; &c.

AUGUSTE BOUDINHON, D.D., D.C.L.

Professor of Canon Law in the Catholic University of Paris. Honorary Canon of
Paris. Editor of the Canoniste contemporain.

ARTHUR CAYLEY, LL.D., F.R.S.

Curia Romana;
Decretals.

Curve (in part).

Vicar of Halifax and Prebendary of Lichfield. Author of An Introduction to the Creeds.
Creeds and the Te Deum; Niceta of Remesiana; &c.

A. Ca.

See the biographical article: CAYLEY, ARTHUR.

A. E. B.

REV. ANDREW EWBANK BURN, M.A., D.D.

A. E. J.

A. F. P.

A. G.

A. Go.*

A. H. J. G.

A. H. P.

A. J. B.

A. J. B.*

A. J. E.

A. L.

A. Mw.

ARTHUR ERNEST JOLLIFFE, M.A.

Fellow of, and Tutor and Mathematical Lecturer at, Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
Senior Mathematical Scholar, 1892.

ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Professor of English History in the University
of London. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893-1901.
Author of England under the Protector Somerset; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c.
MAJOR ARTHUR GEORGE FREDERICK GRIFFITHS (d. 1908).

H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of The Chronicles of Newgate;
Secrets of the Prison House; &c.

REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.

Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester,
ABEL HENDY JONES GREENIDGE, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.) (d. 1905).
Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford, and of St John's College,

Continued Fractions.

Craig, John; Cranmer;
Coverdale; Cox, Richard;

Cromwell, Thomas; Crowley.

Crime;
Criminology.

Coornhert.

Oxford. Author of Infamia in Roman Law: Handbook of Greek Constitutional Consul: Roman,
History; Roman Public Life; History of Rome. Joint-author of Sources of Roman
History, 133-70 B.C.

REV. ARNOLD HILL PAYNE, M.A.

Chaplain, Oxford Diocesan Mission to the Deaf and Dumb. Late Normal Fellow,

National Deaf Mute College, Washington, U.S.A. Author of The Mental Develop Deaf and Dumb.
ment of the Orally and Manually taught Deaf; The Pure Oral Method of necessity a
Comparative Failure; &c.

ALFRED JOSHUA BUTLER, M.A., D.LITT.

Fellow and Bursar of Brasenose College, Oxford. Fellow of Eton College. Author Copts: The Coptic Church, of The Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt; The Arab Conquest of Egypt; &c.

ARTHUR JOHN BUTLER, M.A. (1844-1910).

Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor of Italian Language Dante.

and Literature, University College, London. Author of a prose translation of
Dante's Divine Comedy; Dante and his Times; &c.

ARTHUR JOHN EVANS, M.A., D.LITT., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A.

Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Keeper of Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 1884-
1908. Hon. Keeper since 1908. Made archaeological discoveries in Crete, 1893:
excavated the Palace of Knossos. Author of Through Bosnia on Fool; Cretan
Pictographs and Prae-Phoenician Script; and other works on archaeology.