have seemed trifles, are those by which the structure of character is indicated, and its progress is traced. A happy power of sefection is among a biographer's highest, though least obtrusive, gifts. Mr. Coleridge has exercised it with effect, avoiding that vice of modern biographers, prolixity. Had

his memoir consisted of two volumes, instead of half a volume, its force would have been lost in detail, and we should have had a far less vivid picture than is here exhibited to us of the subject it commemorates. The narrative abounds in discriminative criticism, and remarks incidentally thrown out, but full of point. Above all, it is written with frankness and simplicity. Cherishing a deserved respect, as well as affection, for his brother's memory, he has appreciated his character far too well to think that it needs the concealment of infirmities from which the kindliest and most abundant natures are not always the most exempt, and the effects of which are impressed, for evil and for good, upon verse which "the world will not willingly let die." In making us acquainted with the man, he has contributed the best materials for a large and liberal comprehension of the poet: nor can we more effectually illustrate Hartley Coleridge's poetry than by first bringing before our readers some features of a life full of interest, though externally but little varied. It is not often- that the life and works of an author are presented to us at the same moment, and for the first time. Such may be considered to be the case on the present occasion, since far the larger portion of the poetry has remained till now unpublished; and, in the life prefixed to it, the poetry which follows finds not seldom an emblem as well as an "efficient cause."

Born at Clevedon, on the 19th of September, 1796, an eight months' child, Hartley Coleridge was marked from the first by a sensitiveness of temperament no doubt out of proportion to his physical strength. More than one tribute of song greeted him on his arrival into this world. Some of these aspirations remained unaccomplished, and some were fulfilled too well. In one of the most beautiful of Coleridge's poems, the poet compares his own early culture with that which he desires for his child.

"I was reared

In the great city, pent mid cloisters dim,
And saw naught lovely but the sky and stars;
But thou, my babe, shalt wander like a breeze,
By lakes and sandy shores, beneath the crags
Of ancient mountains, and beneath the clouds,

Which image in their bulk both lakes and shores And mountain crags."

in the memorable sonnet prefixed to a small To this prophecy the younger poet alludes volume of poetry published in 1833. Addressing the "Father and Bard revered" at a far more advanced age than that father had attained when the above lines were written, he says, in allusion to them,—

"Thy prayer was heard: I wandered like a 999 breeze.'

Not less tenderly was the "animosus infans," addressed in his father's poem “The Nightingale."

"That strain again!

Full fain would it delay me! My dear babe,
Who, capable of no articulate sound,
Mars all things with his imitative lisp,
How he would place his hand beside his ear,
His little hand, the small forefinger up,
And bid us listen! And I deem it wise
To make him Nature's playmate."

With her youthful playmate Nature played long; and he never ceased to find solace both in her songs and sports. Nature did what Nature may: nor is it her fault if her harmonies, whether of the morn or the eventide, whether lyrical or elegiac, have more power to "kindle" than to "control," and serve rather as wine to the festive, or as an opiate to those in trouble, than as martial music, bracing us for the warfare of life. He had learned, however, to listen to another voice above, and along with, that of Nature; and, for such discernment, he turns also in gratitude to his father. (Vol. i. p. 111.)

In a strain not dissimilar, the same child was addressed at six years old by the Bard of Rydal.

"O thou, whose fancies from afar are brought Who, of thy words dost make a mock apparel, And fittest to unutterable thought

The breeze-like motion and the self-born carol;
Thou fairy voyager! that dost float
In such clear water, that thy boat
May rather seem

To brood on air than on an earthly stream."

After the lapse of many a chequered year these verses retained their applicability, and were forcibly brought back to the memory even of strangers, who chanced to mark the subject of them as he paced irregularly about, with a vague grace, caught in some stream of thought,-with feet that seemed almost unable to keep their hold of the

ground, extended arms, a glowing cheek, I and an eye still youthful, flashing beneath long white locks that floated on the air. Wordsworth also indulged in prophecy.

"Nature will either end thee quite ;

Or, lengthening out thy season of delight,
Preserve for thee, by individual right,

A young lamb's heart among the full-grown flocks."

Half the promise was granted, if the other half was scattered to the winds. The season of delight had passed away: but even when the autumnal pastures had become flecked with patches of monitory snow, the "young lamb's heart" remained.

The philosopher, whose metaphysical principles ended in the most advanced spiritualism, was, at the period of his son's birth, in the materialist stage of his progress and it was to the enthusiasm with which he then regarded the speculations of David Hartley, that that son owed his name. He acquired, at a very early date, those habits of abstract thought which characterized his boyhood, though apparently the system of the young psychologist tended at least as much in the direction of Berkeley as of Hartley. The following curious anecdote was preserved in a diary kept by Mr. Henry Crabbe Robinson:"Hartley Coleridge, when about five years old, was asked a question about himself being called Hartley. Which Hartley?' asked the boy. Why, is there more than one Hartley?' Yes,' he replied; 'there's a deal of Hartleys.' How so?' 'There's Picture Hartley (Hazlitt had painted a portrait of him) and Shadow Hartley; and there's Echo Hartley, and there's Catch-mefast Hartley;' at the same time seizing his own arm with the other hand very eagerly,an action which shows that his mind must have been drawn to reflect on what Kant calls the great and inexplicable mystery, viz. that man should be both his own subject and object, and that these two should be one. At the same early age," continued Coleridge, "Hartley used to be in agony of thought, puzzling himself about the reality of existence. As when some one said to him, 'It is not now; but it is to be.' 'But,' said he, if it is to be, it is.'" The relation of the potential to the actual, we must grant to be a somewhat hard riddle for a child five years old.

From the age of about seven, and during a large part of his boyhood, Hartley Coleridge resided with his uncle, Mr. Southey, at Keswick. In 1808 he was placed with his brother at school at Ambleside, under the

care of the Rev. Mr. Daws, to whom Mr. Coleridge pays a just tribute of respect :"He was a man of lofty stature, and immense bodily strength, and though sufficiently exact in the discharge of his scholastic duties, yet he evidently attached quite as much importance to the healthful recreations and outof-door life of his scholars, as to their progress in Greek and Latin. Morbidly shy, he shrank from mixing in society, and in his walks would as soon have met a lion as a lady in his path. . . He had the very soul of honor, and carried with him in every word and gesture the evidence of a manly and cordial nature." From the lessons of this hardy northern Hartley Coleridge derived at least as much benefit as from the Greek Grammar composed for him by his father, a monument of paternal affection and industry, not a little characteristic; beginning as it does with a philosophic disclaimer of philosophy, proceeding to the complexities of gender and case, and ending with a pregnant essay on the connection between Idolatry and Atheism. It was a literary curiosity, well worthy of preservation, and will remind the reader of Milton's logicopoetical exercise, which begins with "Ens" and "Predicament," and concludes with "Rivers arise!"

One of the chief advantages which Hartley Coleridge derived from his school-residence was, that it afforded him an opportunity of being much in the society of Mr. Wordsworth. It was at this time also that at his beautiful seat Elleray he became acquainted with Professor Wilson, "who continued to the last one of his kindest friends." Sir George Beaumont and Mr. Basil Montague were also among his friends. His biographer remarks, "It was so, rather than by a regular course of study, that he was educated,by desultory reading, by the living voice of Coleridge, Southey and Wordsworth, Lloyd, Wilson, and De Quincey; and, again, by homely familiarity with town's folk and country folk of every degree; lastly, by daily recurring hours of solitude,-by lonely wanderings with the murmur of the Brathay in his ear." At a later period of his life he was described as "like the Wye, a wanderer through the woods." At school he had much liberty. He never played with the other boys, and probably never fought with them. He was not sufficiently adroit for ordinary sports, and his uncle used to tell him that he had two left hands. In his lessons he was neither stupid nor unusually quick. He had no school friendships; but

his companions admired him for his singularity, and loved him for the fascinating skill with which he told them tales. His powers in this respect seem to have equalled those of the Sultan Scheherezade, though his aim was much less practical:

*

"It was not by a series of tales, but by one continuous tale, regularly evolved, and possessing a real unity, that he enchained the attention of his auditors, night after night, as we lay in bed * during a space of years, and not unfrequently for hours together. This enormous romance, far exceeding in length, I should suppose, the compositions of Calprenede, Scudery, or Richardson, though delivered without premeditation, had a progressive story, with many turns and complications, with salient points recurring at intervals, with a suspended interest varying in intensity, and occasionally wrought up to a very high pitch, and at length a catastrophe and a conclusion. ** He spoke without hesitation, in language as vivid as it was flowing. This power of improvisation he lost, or conceived himself to lose, when he began the practice of written composition."

At a still earlier period, however, his marvelous power of continuous narration had been yet more signally displayed. Few anecdotes illustrative of childhood are so remarkable as that in which his brother records an instance of this habit. For years the child seems to have lived a double life; and the faith which he reposed in the inward world was at least as great as that with which he regarded the outward. No other incident recorded of his early days is so significant a comment on his after life, both in its strength and its weakness;

"At a very early period of his childhood, of which he had himself a distinct though visionary remembrance, he imagined himself to foresee a time when, in a field that lay close to the house in which he lived, a small cataract would burst forth, to which he gave the name of Jug-force.

The banks of the stream thus created soon became populous,-a region-a realm; and as the vision spread in ever-widening circles, it soon overflowed, as it were, the narrow spot in which it was originally generated; and Jug-forcia, disguised under the less familiar appellation of Ejuxria, became an island continent, with its own attendant isles; a new Australia, or newest Sealand, if it were not rather a reflection of the old Europe projected from the clouds on some wide ocean somewhere. The history and geography of this region were at one time as familiar to me, to say the least, as any other portion, I was about to say, of the habitable globe. The details have gradually faded from my memory, and, fitly enough, no written record remains (though an elaborate map of the country was once in existence), from which they can be recovered.

"The earth hath bubbles as the water hath,

And these are of them.'

"Taken as a whole, the Ejuxrian world presented a complete analogen to the world of fact, so far as it was known to Hartley, complete in all its parts; furnishing a theatre and scene of action with dramatis persona, and suitable machinery, in which, day after day, for the space of long years, he went on evolving the complicated drama of existence. There were nations, continental and insular, each with its separate history, civil, ecclesiastical, and literary, its forms of religion and government, and specific national character. In Portfomandra, the analagon of England, as I now discern, *** the tissue was woven with wonderful minuteness, and uniform consistency. The names of generals and statesmen were familiar to my ear as "household words." I witnessed the war of faction, and had to trace the course of sedition. I lived to see changes of government, a great progress of public opinion, and a new order of things. When at length a sense of unreality was forced upon him, and he felt himself obliged with this distant land, he had a story, borrowed to account for his knowledge of and connection from the Arabian Nights, of a great bird by which he was transported to and fro. But he recurred to these explanations with great reluctance, and got rid of them as quickly as possible. Once I asked him how it came that his absence on these occasions was not observed; but he was angry and mortified, and I never repeated the experiment. In truth, I was willingly beguiled. His usual mode of introducing the subject was, Derwent,' (for these disclosures in latter years were made to me alone,) I have had letters and papers from Ejuxria. ***Nothing could exceed the seriousness of his manner, and doubtless, of his feelings. He was, I am persuaded, utterly *** I have reason unconscious of invention.

to believe that he continued the habit mentally, from time to time, after he left school, and, of course, had no longer a confidant.”

In a letter from Mrs. Basil Montague, in whose house he spent some time when a child, his anxieties on the subject of this imaginary race are thus amusingly depicted:

One day when he was walking very pensively, I asked him what ailed him. He said, My 'people are too fond of war; and I have just made an eloquent speech in the Senate, which has not made any impression on them, *** and to war they will go.'

That such movements of mind, however indicative of genius, are yet unhealthy if indulged habitually, encouraged artificially, or left unbalanced by opposite habits, can hardly be doubted. Except in the highest moments of creative energy, the mind should conceptions from the phenomena of the outnever lose sight of the distincness of its own ward world. It is this self-possession-a thing wholly distinct from a morbid self-con