himself and entirely destitute of fortune. The young king, besides the desire of securing himself, by the prospect of issue, from those traitorous attempts too frequent among his subjects, had been so watched by the rigid austerity of the ecclesiastics that he had another inducement to marry, which is not so usual with monarchs. His impatience, therefore, broke through all the politics of Elizabeth. The articles of marriage were settled; the ceremony was performed by proxy; and the princess embarked for Scotland, but was driven by a storm into a port of Norway. This tempest and some others which happened near the same time were universally believed in Scotland and Denmark to have proceeded from a combination of the Scottish and Danish witches; and the dying confession of the criminals was supposed to put the accusation beyond all controversy." James, however, though a great believer in sorcery, was not deterred by this incident from taking a voyage in order to conduct his bride home. He arrived in Norway, carried the queen thence to Copenhagen, and, having passed the winter in that city, he brought her next spring to Scotland, where they were joyfully received by the people. The clergy alone, who never neglected an opportunity of vexing their prince, made opposition to the queen's coronation on account of the ceremony of anointing her, which they alleged was either a Jewish or a popish rite, and therefore utterly antichristian and unlawful. But James was as much bent on the ceremony as they were averse to it; and, after much controversy and many intrigues, his authority, which had not often happened, at last prevailed over their opposition. 91 Melvil, p. 180. 92 92 Spotswood, p. 381. CHAPTER XLIII. French Affairs.-Murder of the Duke of Guise.-Murder of Henry III.-Progress of Henry IV.-Naval Enterprises against Spain.-A Parliament.-Henry IV. Embraces the Catholic Religion.-Scotch Affairs.-Naval Enterprises.A Parliament.-Peace of Vervins.-The Earl of Essex. 1590. AFTER a state of great anxiety and many difficulties, Elizabeth had at length reached a situation where, though her affairs still required attention and found employment for her active spirit, she was removed from all danger of any immediate revolution, and might regard the efforts of her enemies with some degree of confidence and security. Her successful and prudent administration had gained her, together with the admiration of foreigners, the affections of her own subjects; and, after the death of the Queen of Scots, even the Catholics, however discontented, pretended not to dispute her title or adhere to any other person as her competitor. James, curbed by his factious nobility and ecclesias tics, possessed at home very little authority, and was solicitous to remain on good terms with Elizabeth and the English nation in hopes that time, aided by his patient tranquillity, would secure him that rich succession to which his birth entitled him. The Hollanders, though overmatched in their contest with Spain, still made an obstinate resistance; and such was their unconquerable antipathy to their old masters, and such the prudent conduct of young Maurice, their governor, that the subduing of that small territory, if at all possible, must be the work of years, and the result of many and great successes. Philip, who, in his powerful effort against England, had been transported by resentment and ambition beyond his usual cautious maxims, was now disabled, and still more discouraged, from adventuring again on such hazardous enterprises. The situation, also, of affairs in France began chiefly to employ his attention; but, notwithstanding all his artifice and force and expense, the events in that kingdom proved every day more contrary to his expectations and more favorable to the friends and confederates of England. French affairs. The violence of the league having constrained Henry to declare war against the Huguenots, these religionists seemed exposed to the utmost danger, and Elizabeth, sensible of the intimate connection between her own interests and those of that party, had supported the King of Navarre by her negotiations in Germany, and by large sums of money, which she remitted for levying forces in that country. This great prince, not discouraged by the superiority of his enemies, took the field; and in the year 1587 gained, at Coutras, a complete victory over the army of the French king; but, as his allies, the Germans, were at the same time discomfited by the army of the league, under the Duke of Guise, his situation, notwithstanding his victory, seemed still as desperate as ever. The chief advantage which he reaped by this diversity of success arose from the dissensions which by that means took place among his enemies. The inhabitants of Paris, intoxicated with admiration of Guise, and strongly prejudiced against their king, whose intentions had become suspicious to them, took to arms, and obliged Henry to fly for his safety. That prince, dissembling his resentment, entered into a negotiation with the league, and, having conferred many high offices on Guise and his partisans, summoned an assembly of the states at Blois, on pretence of finding expedients to support the intended war against the Huguenots. The various scenes of perfidy and cruelty which had been exhibited in France had justly begotten a mutual diffidence among all parties; yet Guise, trusting more to the timidity than honor of the king, rashly put himself into the hands of that monarch, and expected, by the ascendant of his own genius, to make him submit to all his exorbitant pretensions. Henry, though of an easy disposition, not steady to his resolutions, nor even to his promises, wanted neither courage nor capacity; and, finding all his subtleties eluded by the vigor of Guise, and even his Murder of the throne exposed to the most imminent danger, he embraced more violent counsels than were natural to him, and ordered that prince and his brother, the Cardinal of Guise, to be assassinated in his palace. This cruel execution, which the necessity of it alone could excuse, had nearly proved fatal to the author, and seemed at first to plunge him into greater dangers than those which he sought to avoid by taking vengeance on his enemy. The partisans of the league were inflamed with the utmost rage against him; the populace everywhere, particularly at Paris, renounced allegiance to him; the ecclesiastics and the preachers filled all places with execrations against his name; and the most powerful cities and most opulent provinces appeared to combine in a resolution either of renouncing monarchy or of changing their monarch. Henry, finding slender resources among his Catholic subjects, was constrained to enter into a confederacy with the Huguenots and the King of Navarre. He enlisted large bodies of Swiss infantry and German cavalry, and, being still supported by his chief nobility, he assembled, by all these means, an army of near forty thousand men, and advanced to the gates of Paris, ready to crush the league · and subdue all his enemies. The desperate resolution of one man diverted the course of these great events. Jacques Clement, a Dominican friar, inflamed by that bloody spirit of bigotry which distinguishes this century, and a great part of the following, beyond all ages of the world, embraced the resolution of sacrificing his own life in order to save the Church from the persecutions of an heretical tyrant; and being admitted under some pretext to the king's presence, he gave that prince a mortal wound, and was immediately put to death by the courtiers, who hastily revenged the murder of their sovereign. This memorable incident happened on the 1st of August, 1589. Murder of The King of Navarre, next heir to the crown, assumed the government by the title of Henry IV., but succeeded to much greater difficulties than those which surrounded his predecessor. The prejudices entertained against his religion made a great part of the nobility immediately desert him, and it was only by his promise of hearkening to conferences and instruction that he could engage any of the Catholics to adhere to his undoubted title. The league, governed by the Duke of Mayence, brother to Guise, gathered new force, and the King of Spain entertained views either of dismembering the French monarchy or of annexing the whole to his own dominions. In these distressful circumstances, Henry addressed himself to Elizabeth, and found her well disposed to contribute to his assistance, and to oppose the progress of the Catholic league and of Philip, her inveterate and dangerous enemies. To prevent the desertion of his Swiss and German auxiliaries, she made him a present of twenty-two thousand pounds, a greater sum than, as he declared, he had ever seen before; and she sent him a reinforcement of four thousand men, under Lord Willoughby, an officer of reputation, who joined the French at Dieppe. Strengthened by these supplies, Henry marched directly to Paris, and, having taken the suburbs sword in hand, he abandoned them to be pillaged by his soldiers. He employed this body of English in many other enterprises, and still found reason to praise their courage and fidelity. The time of their service being elapsed, he dismissed them with many high commendations. Sir William Drury, Sir Thomas Baskerville, and Sir John Boroughs acquired reputation in this campaign, and revived in France the ancient fame of English valor. The army which Henry, next campaign, led into the field was much inferior to that of the league; but as it was comProgress of posed of the chief nobility of France, he feared not Henry IV. to encounter his enemies in a pitched battle at Yvrée, and he gained a complete victory over them. This success enabled him to blockade Paris, and he reduced that capital to the last extremity of famine; when the Duke of Parma, in consequence of orders from Philip, marched to the relief of the league, and obliged Henry to raise the blockade. Having performed this important service, he retreated to the Low Countries; and, by his consummate skill in the art of war, performed these long marches in the face of the enemy, without affording the French monarch that opportunity which he sought of giving him battle, or so much as once putting |