To take a survey of an estate, manor, and lordship. An estate, manor, or lordship, is in reality a tract of land, consisting of a number of fields; it differs in no respect from the last article, excepting in the number of fields it may contain, and the roads, lanes, or waters that may run through it, and is of course surveyed in the same manner.

It is best in the first place to take the whole of the outside boundaries, noting as above directed the several offsets, the several places where the boundaries are intersected by roads, lanes, or waters, the places where the boundaries of the respective fields butt on the outside bounds, and where the gates lead into the respective fields, and whatever other objects, as windmills, houses, &c. that may happen to be worthy of being taken notice of. If, however, there should be a large stream of water running

through the estate, thereby dividing it into two parts, and no bridge near the boundary, then it will be best to survey that part which lies on one side of the stream first, and afterwards that part which lies on the other side thereof; if the stream be of an irregular breadth, both its banks forming boundaries to several fields should be surveyed, and its breadth, where it enters, and where it leaves the estate, be determined by the rules of trigonometry.

In the next place, take the lanes or roads, (if any such there, be) that go through the estate, noting in the same manner as before, where the divisions between the several fields butt on those lanes or roads, and where the gates enter into those fields, and what other objects there may be worth noticing. Where a lane runs through an estate, it is best to survey in the lane, because in so doing, you can take the offsets and remarks both on the right hand and the left, and thereby carry on the boundaries on each side at once. If a large stream run through and separate the estate, it should be surveyed as above-mentioned; but small brooks running through a meadow, require only a few offsets to be taken from the nearest station line, to the principal bends or turnings in the brook.

In the last place take the internal divisions or boundaries between the several fields, beginning at any convenient place, before noted in the field book, where the internal divisions butt on the outside of the grounds, or on the lanes, &c. noting always every remarkable object in the field book.

Example. Let fig. 5, plate 18, represent an estate to be surveyed; begin at any convenient place as at A, where the two lanes meet, proceed noting the courses, distances, &c. as before directed from A to B, from B to C, and so on to D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, and A, quite round the estate.

Then proceed along the lane from A to N, O, and

I, setting the courses, distances, offsets, and remarks, as before.

This done, proceed to the internal divisions, beginning at any convenient place, as at O, and proceed, always taking your notes as before directed, from O to P, Q, and R, so will you have with the notes previously taken, the dimensions of the north field; go back to Q, and proceed from Q to F, and you obtain the dimensions of the copse. Take ES and SP, and you will have the dimensions of the home field; go back to S, and take ST, and you will have the dimensions of the land, applied to domestic purposes of buildings, yards, gardens, and orchards, the particulars and separate divisions of which being small, had better be taken last of all; go down to N, and take ND, noting the offsets as well to the brook, as to the fences, which divide the meadow from the south and west fields, so will you have the dimensions of the long meadow, together with the minutes for laying down the brook therein; go back to U, and take ÚB, and you obtain the dimensions of the west field, and also of the south field; go back again to N, and take NW, noting the offsets as well to the brook as to the fence which divides the meadow from the east field, thus will you have the dimensions of the east field, and the minutes for laying down the brook in the meadow; then go to L, and take LX, which gives you the dimensions of the east meadow, and of the great field; and lastly, take the internal divisions of the land, appropriated to the domestic purposes of buildings, yards, orchards, gardens, &c.

The method of taking the field notes is so entirely similar to the examples already given, that they would be altogether unnecessary to repeat here.

To the surveyor there can need no apology for introducing, in this place, the method used by Mr. Milne, one of the most able and expert surveyors of his time; and I think he will consider

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serting the figures of all the offsets, which the smallness of this does not admit of.

"In measuring these circuits, or station lines, too much care cannot be taken by the surveyor to measure exact; I therefore, in doing them, always choose to hold the hindermost end of the chain myself.

"The next thing to be done is to take the angles or bearings of the above described circuit, and also the altitude or depression of the different declivities that have been measured up or down.

"Having previously prepared a sheet of Dutch paper with meridian lines drawn upon it, as in plate 21, also a horn protractor with a scale of chains upon the edge thereof, and a small ruler about a foot in length; and having two assistants provided with a pole each, to which are attached plumb lines for keeping them perpendicular, and a third assistant for carrying the theodolite: I proceed to plant the instrument where I began to measure, or at any other angular point in the circuit; if the wind blows high, I choose a point to begin at that is sheltered from it, so that the needle may settle steady at the magnetic north, which is indispensably necessary at first setting off, at the same time taking care that no iron is so near the place as to attract the needle.

"The best theodolite for this purpose is the large one, see fig. 2, plate 16, the manner of using of which I shall here describe.

"The spirit level C, having been previously adjusted to the telescope A, and the two telescopes pointing to the same object, I begin by levelling the instrument, by means of the four screws M acting between the two parallel plates N, first in a line with the magnetic north and then at right angles thereto. This accomplished, I turn the moveable index, by means of the screw G, till it coincides with 180° and 360°, and with the mag

netic north nearly, screwing it fast by means of the nut H, and also the head of the instrument by means of the pin L; I make the north point in the compass box coincide with the needle very exactly, by turning the screw K; both telescopes being then in the magnetic meridian, I look through the lower one I, and notice what distinct object it points to.

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"Then unscrewing the moveable index by the aforesaid nut H, the first assistant having been pre viously sent to the station point marked N, I turn about the telescope A, or moveable index, by means of the nut G, till it takes up the pole now placed at N, raising or depressing the telescope by means of the nut E, till the cross hairs or wires cut the pole near the ground. This done, I look through the lower telescope to see that it points to the same object it did at first; if so, the bearing or angle is truly taken, and reading it upon the limb of the instrument F, find it to be 40° 55′ S. W. I then take my sheet of paper, and placing the horn protractor upon the point A, plate 21, along the meridian line, passing through it, I prick off the same angle, and with the first ruler draw a faint line with the pen, and by the scale set off the length of the line, which I find to be, by my first sketch, plate 20, 7690 links; and writing both bearing and distance down, as in plate 21, and again reading off the angle to compare it with what I have wrote down, I then make a signal to the first assistant to come forward with his pole; in the mean time I turn the moveable index about, till the hair or wire cuts the pole which the second assistant holds up at B, and looking through the lower telescope, to see that it points on the same object as at first, I read the angle upon the limb of the theodolite, 48° 55′ S. E. and plotting it off upon the sketch with the horn protractor, draw a straight line, and prick off by the scale the length to B, 817 links; writing the