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acknowledges no judge. If the body of the na-
tion declares the king deprived of his rights by the
abuse he has made of them, and deposes him, it may
justly do it when its grievances are well founded,
and no other power has a right to censure it. The
personal ally of this king ought not then to assist
him against the nation that has made use of its
right in deposing him: if he attempts it, he in-
jures that nation. England declared war against
Louis the XIV. in the year 1688, for supporting
the interest of James the Second, who was deposed
in form by the nation. The same country de-
clared war against him a second time, at the be-
ginning of the present century, because that prince
acknowledged the son of the deposed James, under
the name of James the Third. In doubtful cases, Case where-
and when the body of the nation has not pronounced be given to
or HAS NOT PRONOUNCED FREELY, a sovereign king.
may naturally support and defend an ally, and it
is then that the voluntary law of nations subsists
between different states. The party that has driven
out the king pretends to have right on its side:
this unhappy king and his ally flatter themselves
with having the same advantage; and as they
have no common judge upon earth, they have no
other method to take but to apply to arms to ter-
minate the dispute: they therefore engage in a
formal war.

In short, when the foreign prince has faithfully
fulfilled

in aid may

a deposed

1

to pursue

tain point.

Not obliged fulfilled his engagements towards an unfortunate
his right be- monarch, when he has done in his defence, or to
yond a cer-
procure his restoration, all he was obliged to per-
form in virtue of the alliance; if his efforts are
ineffectual, the dethroned prince cannot require
him to support an endless war in his favour, or
expect that he will eternally remain the enemy of
the nation, or of the sovereign who has deprived
him of the throne. He must think of peace,
abandon the ally, and consider him as having
himself abandoned his right, through necessity.
Thus Louis XIV. was obliged to abandon James
the Second, and to acknowledge king William,
though he had at first treated him as an usurper.

The same question presents itself in real alliances, and, in general, in all alliances made with the state, and not in particular with a king for the Case of de- defence of his person. An ally ought, doubtless, against sub- to be defended against every invasion, against

fence

jects.

every foreign violence, and even against his rebellious subjects; in the same manner a republick ought to be defended against the enterprises of one who attempts to destroy the publick liberty. But it ought to be remembered, that an ally of the state, or the nation, is not its judge. If the nation has deposed its king in form; if the people of a republick have driven out their magistrates and set themselves at liberty, or acknowledged the authority of an usurper, either expressly or

tacitly.

tacitily; to oppose these domestick regulations, by disputing their justice or validity, would be to interfere in the government of the nation, and to do it an injury, (see § 54, and following of this book). The ally remains the ally of the state, notwithstanding the change that has happened in it. However, when this change renders Case where the alliance useless, dangerous or disagreeable, it ances may may renounce it: for it may say, upon a good foun- ed. dation, that it would not have entered into an alliance with that nation, had it been under the present form of government.

real alli

be renounc

eternal

We may say here, what we have said on a personal alliance: however just the cause of that king may be, who is driven from the throne, either by his subjects or by a foreign usurper; his allies are not obliged to support an eternal war in Not an his favour. After having made ineffectual efforts war. to restore him, they must at length give peace to their people, and come to an accommodation with the usurper, and for that purpose treat with him as with a lawful sovereign. Louis XIV. exhausted by a bloody and unsuccessful war, offered at Gertruydenburgh to abandon his grandson, whom he had placed on the throne of Spain: and, when affairs had changed their appearance, Charles of Austria, the rival of Philip, saw himself, in his turn, abandoned by his allies. They grew weary of exhausting their states, in order to give him the possession of a crown, which they Р believed

VOL. VII.

believed to be his due, but which, to all appearance, they should never be able to procure for

him.

All nations may join.

DANGEROUS POWER.

BOOK III. CHAP. III. § 45.

It is still easier to prove, that should this formidable power betray any unjust and ambitious dispositions, by doing the least injustice to another, every nation may avail themselves of the occasion, and join their forces to those of the party injured, in order to reduce that ambitious power, and disable it from so easily oppressing its neighbours, or keeping them in continual awe and fear. For an injury gives a nation a right to provide for its future safety, by taking away from the violator the means of oppression. It is lawful, and even praise-worthy, to assist those who are oppressed, or unjustly attacked.

SYSTEM OF EUROPE.

§ 47. Europe forms a political system, a body, where the whole is connected by the relations and different interests of nations inhabiting this part of the world. It is not, as anciently, a confused heap of detached pieces, each of which thought itself very little concerned in the fate of others, and seldom regarded things which did not immediately

relate

republick

order and

relate to it. The continual attention of sovereigns to what is on the carpet, the constant residence of ministers, and the perpetual negotiations, make Europe a kind of a republick, the members of Europe a which, though independent, unite, through the ties to preserve of common interest, for the maintenance of order liberty. and liberty. Hence arose that famous scheme of the political equilibrium, or balance of power; by which is understood such a disposition of things, as no power is able absolutely to predominate, or to prescribe laws to others.

$49. Confederacies would be a sure way of preserving the equilibrium, and supporting the liberty of nations, did all princes thoroughly understand their true interests, and regulate all their steps for the good of the state.

CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE ENEMY'S
COUNTRY.

BOOK III. CHAP. IX. § 165.

Instead of the pillage of the country, and defenceless places, a custom has been substituted more humane and more advantageous to the sovereign making war: I mean that of contributions. Whoever carries on a just war has a

*

* Contributions raised by the Duke of Brunswick in France. Compare these with the contributions raised by the French in the Netherlands,-EDIT.

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