Page images
PDF
EPUB

to have remedied those Grievances; he went over in Sep. 25 El. 1, and the statute 25 Ed. 1, was made the 10th of Oct. after. Hence likewise it follows, that the exception of the king's antient aids and prizes, mentioned in the statute of 25 Ed. 1, extends not to this of charging the people to the custody of the sea, that being one of the principal grievances that occasioned the making of it. That the same grievance caused the making of the statute De Tallagio, &c. I have before offered to your lordships.

My lords, the next authority which I shall present is the Communia Hil. 23 Ed. 1,Rot. 77. There the king commanded 30 gallies to be made by several great towns, every galley was to have 120 men a-piece; these were pro defensione "regni et securitate maris.' My lords, the cases are many in the Exchequer, where the money for making these gallies was recovered against the king. I confess my lords, that the king had promised payment to those that made them, which I shall thus submit to your lordships: That in case the king might have commanded the making of them, at the charge of the towns, that then the king's promise was but nudum pactum, for promising of payment for that which by law they might have been forced to do, and so the payment rested only the king's grace and good pleasure. But, my lords, upon suits in his own time, and in the times of Ed. 2, and Ed. 3, the monies for making these gallies were received by several towns, M. 29 Ed. 1, Rot. 29, dors. for York, M. 31 Ed. 1. Rot. 77, Ipswich and Dunwich. P. 5 Ed. 3, Rot. 31, for him prout justum fuer'' nothing having been paid before. Bract. M. 16 Ed. 2, Rot. 14, both for the galley made at Southampton, and the bringing her to Winchelsea, at their own charge, Præcept. P. 1 Ed. 3, all the money from Southampton not being paid, now ordered that it should be paid.

My lords, the next authority that I shall present to your lordships is the Parliament-Roll, 13 Ed. 3, pars 1, M. 9 & 11. The causes of calling the parliament are declared to be these: First, the keeping of the peace. Secondly, the defence of the marches. Thirdly, the safeguard of the sea, that the enemy might not enter the realm, to destroy it. These were the three points for the coinmons to advise on, which are put into writing, and entered upon the roll. My lords, by the articles themselves propounded on the king's part, it appears, That the commons are not chargeable to the guarding of the sea; and they pray, that this advice of theirs may not be prejudicial to them to bind them thereunto, and that there are ships enough in England to do it, if the people were willing. M. 11. The commons afterwards in debating of these articles, when they came to this of the sea, notwithstanding the caution before, they are afraid, that if they should debate it, it might imply, that they are chargeable to do it; and therefore they protest against giving any advice therein, as a thing whereof they have no cognizance; and do further declare, that the Cinque Ports, and other great towns, that have

franchises, are bound thereunto, that they should do it. And therefore the merchants, masters of ships, and mariners, throughout England, are summoned to be at the next parliament for advice about shipping.

[ocr errors]

My lords, the next authority is the Parliament-Roll, 22 Ed. 3, M. 21. The commons petition in these words, 'que le guard de la mere se face descries res soit le guard fit man ' ad refait amant vis senois ut semble que melliur guard ne poit estre fait que le Roy ne fait ne qu'il demeritissent de la sur la guer et par 'de fair de c'est ter.' The commons having formerly granted the king divers Aids and Subsidies upon Wool, Wool-fells, and Leather and otherwise, for the guarding of the seas, they now grew weary of it, and desire, that the king himself from thenceforth should bear the whole burden, and charge him with his promise to that purpose.

My lords, this Petition, though in the name. of the commons, yet the lords joined in it; for otherwise all acts of parliament of those times being made upon Petition and Answer, should be without the lords assent. Hence it appears, that the whole kingdom, at this time, was so far from thinking that the king could charge them, without their consents, to the guarding of the sea, as that they alledge, the king himself ought to bear the whole charge. Neither doth the king deny his promise, nor wholly deny the thing; for though he saith, it should be done as it hath been done before, yet it is with a qualification, because the sea cannot be better kept than he hath kept it, by reason of his being so often at sea in person, in going and returning from France, and diverting the enemy by his wars in France. If the king had given his absolute denial, yet here is the judgment of both houses of parliament express in the point.

Rot. Francie 21 Ed. 3, pars 2 M. 9 & 11. The merchants had granted 2s. 8d. upon their goods till Michaelmas, for providing 120 great ships pro secura conductione navium et mar'chandizarum, et pro defensione ceterarum 'maritimarum partium regni, et aliis periculis his guerrinis temporibus regno imminentibus. This grant being made, the king alledging that this was not sufficient for the service, and to remove the causes of the stopping of the trade by reason of the wars; the king how lengthens out the same from Michaelmas to Easter following; and to satisfy the people, the king by his proclamation declares, that the 2s. 8d. shall cease at Easter, according to the grant; which, as it should seem, not satisfying the people, dr the king continuing the taking thereof, the commons in parliament, 22 Ed. 3, M. 16, pray that it may cease, and that by procurement of no merchant, pluis largent soit continue." An imposition but for half a year, and that upon merchandize, and by consent of the merchants for the defence, yet taken off upon complaint. The Answer is, that it should cease

My next authority is the Parliament-Koil 2 Ric. 2, pars 2 M. 5, before cited, where the great council and sages of the kingdom resolve,

that the commons are not chargeable to the defence of the realm without parliament; which extends to this particular of the sea, for the present preparation, whereunto the commons are not chargeable, was for defence at sea; and therefore the money lent was to provide an army for the sea, en defence et salvation del dit Royalme et de la Navy et des costiers del 6 mere.'

My lords, the next authority is the Parliament-Roll 2 Hen. 4, M. 22. Commissions to charge the people to make ships for the defence of the realm without consent of parliament, repealed by the king and the whole parliament for that very cause.

[ocr errors]

Item pur ceo quere tarde divers Commissions fueront foist an divers cities burroughs et villages du royalme pur faire certaines Barges et Ballingers sans assent du Parliam' et ont rat' pr' nad estre fast devant ces hents' nr' les Conimons pray nr' snr' le Roy que les 'ditz Commissions soient repeals et que ils ne soient forces ne fait a quore loir fuit respons' que le Roy vest que in les Commissions soient repeals in tout points mes pur le grand necessity que ad des tiels vessels pur defence du royalme in case que les quens at priment le Roy vost communer de rest matter ouesque les Snrs' et puis apres le mre' al' dits Commons pur intisuner loir councel et advise tiel party. The first commission's repealed, because the commons were not chargeable without a parliament. And now the king will put it in a parliamentary way, by doing it with the assent of the lords and commons.

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

regates, ou safegard del mere sans soit per le volents des Seig' et les Commons de realme 'et ceo a novel grant faire in pleine Parlia'ment.' Rot. Parl' 6 Hen. 4, M. 12, and Rot. Parl' 1 Hen. 5, M. 17, the same protestation as before.

My lords, that the charge of the defence at sea, and that in a large proportion, by reason of the before-mentioned duties, is to be borne by his majesty, I conceive that it will not be denied; that in subsidium and aid of his majesty therein, the commons are not chargeable without their consent in full parliament. In these three records there are not only these protestations of the whole realm being made by the lords and commons, but likewise the king's consent by accepting the things granted, and that without any qualification of the protestations. Those protestations, that they are not chargeable to the guarding of the sea in a certain way, as are 10ths and 15ths, do much more fail in a way uncertain as here.

My lords, my next proof is from the practice of former kings in their frequent demands of aids from parliaments for the defence of the sea, as well before the statutes of tonnage and poundage, as then and since; moneys borrowed by former kings for ships and defence at sea, and indentures of retainer for that purpose at the king's charge; and not only so, but upon suit allowance in the Exchequer for victuals, mariners wages, anchors, prisoners taken in fights pro defensione, and also other things necessary for shipping when for defence of the realm. Whereupon the same argument may be made in this particular for the sea, as was before for the defence in general.

The first thing that I shall press, is that of the Cinque Ports. Their service is certain in respect of the time, but 15 days in a year; and in respect of the charge, but 20 men and a master; and the number of ships certain: besides that they are discharged of arms for the land-service, they have likewise divers other privileges for the doing hereof; they were free from all aids and subsidies granted in parlia

My lords, my next authority is the Parliament-Roll 9 Hen. 4. The cause of the calling the parliament is for the safeguard of the sea, and of the North Marches; and M. 17, great | mischief shewn for default of keeping the sea; and M. 21, it is there enrolled by the king's command, that there was communication had between the king and the lords for the defence of the realm, and for resisting of the enemies, who made preparations on all sides; whereunto sufficient resistance cannot be provided, unless the king have in his parliament some notablement, and are by privy seals discharged thereaid granted unto him, My lords, the king hereby acknowledgeth, that he cannot without the parliament charge the people for the safe keeping of the sea, that being the principal part for the defence there intended, the same with the summons, that without the consent of the commons negotia præd' infecta remanerent,' and with the summons in the Close Roll 23 Ed. 1, before-mentioned, Quod omnes tangit per omnes debet supportari.'

6

My lords, the next authority is the Parliament-Roll 4 Hen. 4, M. 28. The lords spiriLual and temporal, and the commons, grant the king a Subsidy upon the staple commodities, and Tonnage and Poundage, and likewise a Tenth and Fifteenth, with this protestation, Protestant que cest grant in temps avener ne ⚫ soit point en example de charger les dits Surs' ⚫ne Commons du royalme de nul manner del Subsidy ne 10th ne 15th a les guerris desco

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

of. Hil. 2 Ed. 3, Comm' about the end of the roll; they are freed from all tolls, murage and pontage throughout the realm, which bringeth a greater charge upon the rest of the subjects. -My lords, I shall thus offer it unto your lordships: If they that have these privileges shall serve but 15 days in a year, how the others that have no privilege at all, should do it for 26 weeks, as in the writ?

Secondly, Their charge is certain in the number of men and ships; how the rest of the commons that are so far from having any privileges or recompence for it, as that they do contribute to this charge of the Cinque Ports, shall, as by the way in the writ, be altogether uncertain in the matter of charge, both in the number of men and ships, and of every other thing. -My lords, I shall press this further, that when the ports exceed their charge in the number of men or ships, allowance by the king is to be

the law and custom of England: Mr. Hampden appeared, and desired that all the writs might be read unto him; they being read, he demurred, and Mr. Attorney joined with him in demurrer, and adjourned out of the Exchequer into this court, to have the advice of all the judges of England.

made unto them, as appears by the Quire of dated 5 May, 13 Car. to be there proceeded Dover, and Pat. Roll' of 7 Hen. 7, before cit-upon for the levying of the 20s. according to ed, that after the 15 days they were to be at the king's charge; so in the Pat. Roll' 19 Hen. 3, m. 14, because they found 40 men in the ship, the king promised payment for all over and above the number of 20. Banc. Regis Trin. 33 Ed. 1, Rot. 22, allowance to service in Scotland; the Scots, as appears by Walsing. ham, p. 53, and otherwhere, having about that time burnt divers English towns and ships, and a school-house, with 200 scholars in it, Visus Comp. P. 33 Ed. 1, pro ingenti Ro. Scotland P. 34 Ed. 1, Rot. 37, Comm' la Composition.

My lords, if the ports who are bound to the defence at sea, when they have performed their service, be not compellable to any further charge, I shall humbly offer it to your lordships, whether those that be not bound at all, from the same reason, are chargeable at all.

Before I enter into my Argument, because the true stating of the question in this and all other things doth exceedingly conduce to the clearing of the thing in question; I shall in the first place, observe the writ, dated 4th August, 11 Car. the ground of this assess, which was directed into Bucks, and others into all the counties of England, and this was for raising aids for ships, for the defence of the kingdom, with a notable circumstance, quia salus regni periclitabatur;' which being expressed in the My lords, I have now done, and shall not record, is confessed by the demurrer, and not further press upon the patience of your lord-only so, but testified by the king himself under ships; I know that nullum tempus occurrit the great seal in the Mittimus: and in all matregi;' the disuse thereof, I shall press it no ters, especially in matters concerning the pubotherwise than that it is an interpretation of lic safety, the king is Recordum superlativum the Statute made against all Aids and Taillages et præexcellens,' as in the great Case of the in general; and of the complaints of the par- earls of Glocester and Hereford, 20 Edw. 1, liament of 15 Edw. 1, m. 9; 36 Edw. 3, m. 19, so that the question is only this, Whether the and 37 Edw. 3, m. 9, that those statutes had king, in his judgment, finding the safety and not been kept; and further, as it is an inter- preservation of the kingdom and people, necespretation likewise of the before-mentioned de-sarily and unavoidably to require the aid comclaration, petitions and protestations against this in particular; and as it is an execution of them, and putting them into practice: Praxis 'sanctorum,' as the divines say, 'est interpres præceptorum.'

[ocr errors]

The claims which anciently the subjects have made upon the crown, that none of the great officers of the kingdom could be chosen but in parliament, nor that the king had power to sell any of the antient crown-lands; the disuse shews, that those claims of their's were not legal. Br. in his fourth book, fol. 209, saith, that longa patientia trahitur ad consensum.' The non-claims therefore of so many kings and queens I shall present unto your lordships, as so many le voets and declarations of their general consents, that without assent in parliament they could not have laid the like sess upon any of their subjects,, as is now laid upon my client.

The first Day's ARGUMENT of Sir EDWARD LITTLETON, knt. his Majesty's Solicitor General, in the Exchequer-Chamber, before all the Judges, on behalf of HIS MAJLSTY, in the Great Case of SHIP-MONEY, May it please your Lordships; May 22d last, issued a Sciri Facias out of the Exchequer to the sheriff of the county of Bucks, to warn Mr. Hampden to shew cause why the 20s. should not be charged on him towards the finding of a ship of war, with men, munition, and victuals, expressed in a writ dated 4 Aug. 11 Car. And the sums and the names of the defaulters were certified into the Exchequer by a Mittimus,

manded by the Writ, may not command such aid by the Writ, for saving and preserving the kingdom and people?

Having stated the question, I shall now discard many things as impertinent to the question, not that I that am sworn counsel for the king, do agree in those things against the king; but that they are not now in question. It is not now in question, What may be imposed by the king upon the subject for Defence, at their charge, for conquest or conservation of foreign countries or territories beyond the seas. Neither is it in question, what may be laid by the king upon his subjects, for vindicating injuries done by foreign princes or states. Neither is it in question, whether arbitrary impositions of taxes may be laid at pleasure upon the subject for the mere increase of the revenue of the king's treasure. Neither, whether in ordinary and common defence, for preservation of the kingdom, though necessary, it may be thus imposed.

But the question is,Quando salus regni 'periclitabatur;' in truth, the question is, whether we can be charged pro salvatione nostr 'et nostror'. Again, it is not in question, whether the subject hath a property in his goods, or can lose them without consent in parliament. I shall shew that his property shall remain unto him notwithstanding this assess; and the argument on the contrary savours more of malignity than reason, to say that by this the subject shall lose his property in his goods.

It was rightly admitted, that the law of property must give place to the law of nature, for the common defence; the levying of a debt

6

or duty public or private, upon any subject, is so far from destroying the property, that it doth confirm it. He hath as good property that payeth debts to the king, as he that doth not. We agreed de re, the kingdom is to be defended; no man in his five senses will deny that de personis, according to the equitable rule in the writquod omnes tangit per omnes 'debet supportari:' we are in this as in the Conqueror's laws, sumus fratres conjurati ad regnum defendendum.' De persona whom the law hath intrusted with the defence of the kingdom, viz. the king, we are likewise agreed. The only difference is de modo, whether the right media be observed by the king? and whilst we are disputing whether he may do it, I am told he may do it in parliament; true, he that may do it every where, may do it in parliament. And I shall be sorry to hear there shall be no salvation for the people but in parliament.

And whilst this was the question, though a great deal of care was had, and though it was done with advantage and policy, yet the bulk and mass of what was said, shall appear to fall quite off as nothing to the purpose. There were multiplicity of particulars, and a pretty survey of the king's revenues, no ways concerning the case, and as much mistaken in it, as he that reckoned without his host. He hath done like a discreet gentleman, and went as near the question as his client would let him; he hath agreed cases more prejudicial than this, as thus: It was admitted, that if there be any actual war, though there be but light skirmishes, the king may do it; nay, if there be but a war denounced, though there be never a blow struck, surely then can it not be done when salus regni periclitabatur? This is the true state of the question.

Before I go further, I am not ignorant, and therefore cannot but be with what disadvantage I come to argue this case, every man being a party interested that hears me; but I fear not but that I shall satisfy all parties, I have truth to conduct me,' Et magna est veritas et præ' valebit.'

The method whereby I may maintain the right of my master, and the crown, is this; I shall first ground it upon reason; every human proposition is of equal authority, only reason makes the difference.-I shall ground my reasons, First, upon the law of nature: Secondly, of state; and Thirdly, of public safety, necessity, and conveniency. Neither shall it be against the statute law, common law, or any of the hereditary rights and liberties of the subjects of England, but consonant to, and warranted by all. I shall not only prove it ex rationibus cogentibus,' or as lawyers say, ex vis⚫ceribus causæ,' but de similibus ad similia.' I shall confirm it by a beadroll of examples and precedents of former ages, and compare them with this, and see if the case be altered. First, I shall shew it from the foundation of the kingdom, to that which they call the Norman Conquest; from the Norman Conquest

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

to the time of Magna Charta, made 9 Hen. 3,. from Magna Charta to the statute De Tallagio non concedendo,' made 25 Ed. 1; from the statute De Tallagio non concedendo' to the first granting of Tonnage and Poundage; from Tonnage and Poundage to this very day, and that the Petition of Right doth no ways concern the dispute. I shall confute all precedents, objections, reasons, inconveniencies, authorities or records, of which a great number were cited, that there shall not be a syllable left; and in that, First, I will either shew that the record is mistaken, or impertinent and not to the question: Or, Secondly, Those that are pertinent, I will either agree them, or take the force of them away, that none of them shall be able to stand in the way of the king in this way of defence.

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

The fundamental reason is the exact rule of the law in the 10th Report cited by that learned gentlemen Mr. St. John, salus populi su'prema lex. All other laws positive are subordinate to this law, and are to be regulated by it. We are not to talk of positive laws, till we have a kingdom to use them. Glanvile saith, Regiam majestatem non solum armis oportet esse decoratum sed et legibus;' arms to defend us, laws to protect us. Bracton, fo. 1. In regibus duo sunt necessaria, arma et leges;' and gives the reason: If no arms, the kingdom would be left as a prey to the enemies. And truly it is a strange imposture, that the law should so provide, that the king by his writ can give us a remedy for white-acre and blackacre for a clod of earth, and not be able to give a writ to defend the kingdom when it is in imminent danger. Nay, positive laws are abrogated by reason, when the safety of the kingdom and people are in danger. As in Rome, in the night a man might not come over the walls, but if an enemy did approach the city, then it was lawful for him to do it.

In the next place, I take that ground which is taken in all laws; the common-wealth is to be preferred before all private estates. 13 H. 3, fo. 15, the opinion of Shelley. Rather than this shall suffer, the law will turn some prejudice to particular persons, who are but a part of the common-wealth, 21 Hen. 7, fo. 28, 8 Ed. 4, fo. 23, 29 Hen. 8, Dyer 36. If the enemy doth approach, for the defence of the kingdom one man may make bulwarks and forts on another man's soil, and shall not the king keep the outworks at sea, lest the enemy should land at our doors? Again, by the king's command, suburbs may be razed: In 1588 when three great land-armies, 20,000 foot and 1,000 horse, 30,000 foot and 1,000 horse, and 20,000 foot and 1,000 horse were raised. Now lest any army should land in other places, directions were given to keep them from landing; but if they could not keep them from landing, then that they should burn down houses, and come and destroy all whatsoever, that they might not have food and provision to stay there. Where is the law of property in this case, which is so much talked

of? The public and private are so nearly connext that they can hardly be separated; the public loss falls immediately, and by consequence upon particular persons. Be a man in what condition he would be, if a public loss comes to the state, though it falls on his wedding-day, he shall suffer in it. It is impossible to save private fortunes if the public be lost, unaquaque amac' comm' bona totius, &c.' And another says very well, no man repines at that which is done for the good of the commonwealth. If a subject then can be enabled without parliament to make bulwarks and forts in another man's ground, shall not the king, that is pater patria, do the like for the defence of the whole?

My third reason is to confirm, or rather mind your lordships, that the crown hath many powers and prerogatives over the estates of private persons. May not the king enter into another man's house, or at least out-houses, and dig for salt-petre, because it is for the defence? 11 Report fo. 81, Bowles case, and enter into his lands and dig royal mines?

[ocr errors]

estate, than the public to suffer: Necessitas 'est lex temporis,' whatsoever is done for pub lic safety is best; other laws are tributary, and must give way to the law of necessity: What talk we of formalities, when we are like to lose the kingdom, when the keeping of the laws would end the commonwealth.

But this needs not, for I shall shew that his majesty hath trod in the steps of all those kings who have worn the diadem, and swayed the scepter of this kingdom.

In the next place I shall shew divers exemptions à custodia maritima, not only ancient but late: I will put you one, that is, King's College in Cambridge, 21 Hen. 6. When these grants are made, it extends to the ordinary defence of the people, and not extraordinary; no more than if the king grants an exemption to a man that he shall not be of a jury, yet if there be no other, that shall not excuse him. Matth. Paris 838, he speaks of privileges granted to the archbishop of Canterbury, London, &c. All are granted in liberam eleemosynam; they are bound to do nothing but to pray, and yet are not exempted from public defence, Nec adeo liber'tates et propter publicam utilitatem regni et per ea resisteret hostem.' I shall give Mr. St. John's Argument an answer by and bye; yet by the way, if tenures feod' Militar' did begin, as was alledged out of Britton, in the Conqueror's time, how was the kingdom defended before? If wards and marriages, and accidents thereupon, did not go to the foundation of the kingdom, what was before?

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

The king is as much lord of the sea as land, æque dominus maris et telluris.' Selden Mare Clausum, 6 Ric. 2, Doctor and Student, lib. 2, fo. 51. 5 Report fo. 108. It is observed by a great lawyer, of what consequence it is to have power at sea. The naval dominion of England is of great consequence and use; for it is called dotem regni. If therefore the kingdom of England consists of land and sea, I hope we shall not stand at half defence, to defend the land and leave the sea. Rot. Parl.

There is proprietas dominii belongs to the subject, but he hath not the power over all, without the property Ratione protectionis, jurisdictionis,' &c. Private interest must give place to a common good; the private prejudice that any man hath, is very well repaired by the public utility that comes to the kingdom. Fishermen may justify their going into the lands of others to fish, because it is pro bono publico. 8 E. 4, 18, 19. 29 H. 8, Dyer 36. 21 Hen. 7, 23. A man may pull down the house of another man, when the next house to it is on fire; Jam tua ' res agitur paries cum proximus ardet,' the private must suffer for the public cause. 22 Ed. 4, fo. 2. b. 26 Ed. 1, fo. 45. If two men are fighting, a man may part them, and put them into several houses, because it is for the good of the commonwealth. If a madman be abroad, he may be taken, whipped and imprisoned, lest he do violence to himself and others. 22 Ed. 4, fo. 45. A chirurgeon may cut off one member to save the rest, 22 Ass. Plowden 56. Neces-2 Rich. 2, M. 25. It is a great advantage to sity is the law of the time and action, and things are lawful by necessity, which otherwise are not; Quicquid necessitas cogit, defendit :' and the law of the time must regulate the law of the place in such public things. If a storm arise at sea, to cast out goods into the sea is lawful for the safety of the other goods; and they whose goods are not lost, shall be sharers with the others. If it be for safety of lives, all must be cast out, Duffeild's and Mowse's case; but if the party hath taken more in than is fitting, and that be the cause of casting away the goods, and not the tempest, there the party hath his remedy. 48 Men. 3, there was a sudden summons to be in arms both at sea and land; they plead, that there was not a just time of summons; the king tells them, that no man shall excuse himself for want of convenient time of summons; nay, they shall not alledge the time of harvest, &c. it being safer to be somewhat diminished in

have defence at sea, else we should have hot war at our thresholds; while the sea is open, men may go to plough, and have the courts of justice open.

The kings of England of themselves, by their prerogative royal, in times of war, denounced, intended or suspected, for the preservation of the public safety, may seize the lands of prior aliens, 41 Ed. 3, fo. 10, 22 Ed. 4, 43, 44. 14 H. 4, 36. And can a king of England take the possessions of aliens, and cannot he inforce his natural born subjects to defend the land and sea? God forbid; nay, if we would parva componere magnis, we should find in cases of lesser consequence, if they have relation to the defence, he may do it. As the king may lay a charge upon the subject for walling a town, the reason is, because they have benefit by it in time of danger; and hath not all the kingdom safety by the navy at sea? 3 Ed. 3, Ass. 445, Westm. 1, cap. 3, 13 Hen. 4, fo, 14, 15, Si

« PreviousContinue »