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idle. A furious gale spread the conflagration; and the fea, rifing above its natural elevation, dashed the vessels in the port against each other and the shore. The lofs of life, refulting from this complication of curses, would, however, have been far less than it was, had the people of Lisbon conformed to the sentiments of fome an cient fest, or philosopher, who thought the universe the temple most worthy of the deity, and prayed in the open air. But fear and devotion drove them to the churches, the folid structure of which, for a time, refifted the earthquake, and then fell in and crushed thousands into one undiftinguishable mafs. The furvivors, who fled to the mountains, were not less confounded. Fugitives, from barracks and convents - foldiers, nuns, and friars, herded together during the first two nights, and though abhorrent in habits, customs, and practices, mixed readily in the commiffion of the most scandalous excesses, and even of crimes.

In the first moment of this dreadful misfortune, the prime minister made his way undifmayed through flames and fall ing houses, to every quarter of the city, carrying with him fuccour and confolation, calming fear, and repreffing the spirit of pillage and diforder. By his command the dead bodies were thrown into the fea in bags of lime; by his care, provifions were brought from the nearest provinces; and, by his fortitude and courage, the people were prevented from abandoning a city, which offered nothing to the eye but heaps of ruins, and images of defpair. Their stay, beneficial to themfelves, will probably produce the deftruction of a future race, since the experience of many ages justifies a belief that the fite of Lifbon is doomed to the fame dreadful disturbance once, and once only, in a century.

During the two first days after this calamity, the minifter took no repose but in his carriage; no sustenance but a little foup; and in the course of the first week two hundred and thirty ordinances issued from his fertile brain. One of them enjoined the hanging without trial or delay, of every men found in poffeffion of gold or filver bearing the marks of fire. This exceffive and indifcriminating severity to which many guiltless victims were immoJated, may be applauded by the states man who calculates, but feels not; with whom human life is nothing-state expediency every thing; but it will be marked with the juft reprobation of the philosopher, who knows that one of the greatest

incitements to virtue-one of the greatest comforts we derive from fociety, is the conviction that we are secure, as long as we are innocent. The conduct of Carvalho was nevertheless crowned with general approbation. From the people it obtained him the appellation of the faviour of his country; and from the king the fucceffive titles of Count d'Oyras and of Marquis de Pombal.

But as the royal favour incrcased, fo did his enemies; their number being daily augmented by the unrelenting attacks he made upon the abuses in every department of the state. He was only beginning to enjoy the fruits of his reforms, when his attention was diverted from them by another remarkable event. A confpiracy was formed against the life of the king. The Duke d'Aveiro, the Marquis of Tavora and his two fons, withthe Counts of Antonguia, Almeidas, and Poriza, were the heads of it. An amorous intrigue of the monarch with the Marchioneis of Tavora, was their principal grievance, or rather their principal pretext; for the Tavoras were in fact rather spurred on by ambition, than by indignation at this affront offered to their honour. Enraged, as well as the rest of the nobility, at the king's blind and unlimited confidence in the Marquis de Pombal, they thought that as he had abdicated his power, he ought to be hurled from the throne, and determined to feat in it the eldest of their own family.

When Jofeph was about to pay his customary evening visit to his mistress, two hundred and fifty confpirators placed themselves in small bands upon his road; and retained their fire till he was in the midst of them. Musket-shots then flew from all quarters, and wounded him in three places. The Duke d'Aveiro himfelf aimed at the driver, but his carbine missed fire. It was the fortune of the king to have attendants equally intrepid and intelligent. His valet de chambre faved him from further injury by laying him down in the bottom of the carriage; while the postillion with no less prefence of mind fuddenly turned the heads of his horfes, and drove back to the palace at full speed, but by another road.

Cavalho had fhewn, at the time that Lifbon lay in ruins, all the courage and all the resources of a great mind: he now exhibited all the dexterity of a statefman, and all the refined cunning of a courtier, Ever firm and composed in the most critical conjunctures, he began by enjoining secrecy to the valet de chambre, and pof. tillion

1799.]

Memoirs of the Marquis de Pombal.

tillion; but the conspirators to turn aside fufpicion, haftened themselves to divulge the attempt upon the king's life; and came with the crowds whom affection or curiofity brought to the palace. The Duke d'Aveiro was among the foremost, and offered to go arined in purfsuit of the assassins. That nobleman was of the house of Braganza. Crooked in body and mind, restless, inhuman, the declared enemy of the government, and capable of any thing, he was an object of strong fufpicion to Carvalho. The minifter, however, bade him be quiet; entrusted him with false secrets, which he entreated him not to disclose; and fent him away proud of the fuccess of his diffimulation, and confident of impunity.

The king recovered; fix months paffed sway unproductive of any arrest or difcovery; and the event was almost obliterated from the public mind, But it was not forgotten by Carvalho. He was fecretly collecting every information that might lead to a knowledge of the delinquents; and the more his proofs against d'Aveiro and Tavors acquired confiftency, the more his attentions to them were studied and particular. He obtained leave for one to pass three months at his country manfion; for the other an appointment folicited long before. At length the whole treasonable history was revealed to him by a domestic, who was waiting one night with amorous views in Tavora's garden, when the confpirators affembled there anew, difcuffed the causes of their past failure, and laid a plan that promifed better fuccefs.

To prevent its execution, and to bring the criminals to justice without farther delay, the Marquis de Pombal availed himself of a ball given in honour of his daughter's nuptials with the Count de Zampayo. An invitation from the king decoyed thither the whole of the confpirators, who, instead of the "musick, minftrelsy, and masking" they expected, met with fetters, dungeons, and the rack. A week after, ten of the principal traitors were executed; their bodies burnt; and their ashes caft into the fea. The Duke d'Aveiro, and the old Marchioness of Tavora died as if they had exchanged sexes, he with more than the weakness of a woman, and the with a fortitude truly heroic. The young Marchioness of Tavora, the king's mistress, was confined in a convent for life; and the greater part of the nobllity was imprisoned, till the death of the king, which did not happen till nineteen years afterwards,

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The jefuit Malagrida, generally though falsely supposed to have been executed as a confpirator, was in fact tried by the inquifition, and burnt as a heretic. One of the charges was his having written that the Virgin Mary spoke Latin in the womb of St. Anne-words disgraceful to the author; aud still more disgraceful to the odious tribunal, by which they were con strued into a crime. But these and other theological abfurdities were made the pretexts of his death, because there was no proof, although there was no doubt, of his being privy to the plot. The expulfion of his whole order, suspected of tampering in it, followed; furnished an example for their deftruction throughout Europe; and will ever redound to the glory of the Marquis de Pombal, who thus struck the first blow at that dark, intriguing, and ambitious fraternity.

More deeply rooted than ever in the confidence of his master, the haughty minifter no longer feared to brave the firit perfons of the realm. A brother of the king, who was grand inquifitor, delaying to license a work, containing fome state regulations, Carvalho, in the prefence of another Infant of Portugal, exhaled his rage in the most insulting threats, till he raised their choler to a height still greater than his own. From invective they proceeded to perfonal insults; pulled off his peruke; threw it in his face; and driving him out of the apartment, bade him carry his complaint to the king. Hisobedience to this farcaftic command, procured the lafting exile of the royal brothers; and gave him an opportunity he had long defired of placing one of his own creatures at the head of the inquifition. His brother Don Juan Carvalho had the appointment; but did not keep it long.

When the court removed occafionally to the fummer palace of Salvatierra, the minister, detained at Lifbon by public affairs, fent thither the grand inquifitor to watch over the conduct of the queen, whose artifices he feared. Informed of the infidious part the priest was playing, the fent for him to her chamber. He went; but was never seen to return. According to the accounts most credited, she shot him through the head with a fowling piece. It is certain, at least, th at Don Juan Carvalho disappeared. It may be asked why, if capable of fuch a crime, she did not dispatch the principal instead of the agent; but the Marquis de Pombal, who diftrufted her as well as the grandees, was not easily afsailable. He was always escorted by a detachment of cavalry, and a body-guard

of

of a hundred men.

In a country where the king went about unattended, or only guarded by a few men of a regiment of cavalry, a minifter constantly furrounded by the naked swords of a corps devoted to his particular service, could not fail to excite odium, and an outcry of tyranny. But his precautions were necessary in the midst of a nobility the more dangerous because cowardly, a fanatic and aggrieved clergy, and a riotous populace. The fame defence cannot be made for the pride and oftentation of power, which induced him to erect palace for himfelf, while

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hovel,

his sovereign was dwelling in after the royal refidence had been shaken into ruins by the earthquake of

1755

When the most urgent cares resulting from that event, and those that grew out of the confpiracy, were over, the Marquis de Pombal returned with equal ardour and fuccess to his favourite reforms. He re-animated commerce and the arts; created a navy, and rebuilt the unfortunate town of Lisbon. His efforts were not always unrewarded by the gratitude of his countrymen; and when, in 1766, a dangerous malady threatened to carry him off, the alarm was general through out Portugal. But towards the close of his career he became less popular, perhaps not without reason. At a time of life when most men seek repose, his peaceful labours were not enough for him. He engaged the Portuguese colonies in hoftilities with those of Spain; and was deliberately provoking a war in Europe, when, in the beginning of 1777, Jofeph I. died, and with him the power of the Marquis de Pombal. In a week after the demife of the crown he was stripped of all his employments. Though in his 77th year, his mental and corporeal faculties were equally unimpaired, and his manners so infinuating, that the Queen Dowager charged her daughter not to admit him to an audience, well aware that, after two or three conferences, he would have gained a dominion over her mind, as complete as that which he had exercised over the deceafed monarch's.

At the coronation of the new queen, the nobility, grown more ferocicus by the length of the time they had been chained down, instigated the people by their emiffaries to demand the late mi. nifter's head, and the multitude was dif poled to gratify them; when, on a fudden, a Lody of cavalry appeared, headed by an officer who forbade the Marquis de Pombal to be named under the moft Fi

gorous penalties. The fidalgos, who wer affembled in a gallery, were much difconcerted at the filence that ensued. They were observed to be in great agitation, running backward and forward, fending off messages, and darting looks of anger and impatience at the crowd. It was in vain : some dozen of voices, which exclaimed Pombal! Pombal! were instantly overpowered by cries of Long live the Queen from Carvalho's partizans.

To perfect the great plans, which the Marquis de Pombal had sketched out, would have required twenty years prolongation of his ministry, or fimilar fucceffors. None such appeared; the nation fell back into apathy, and into the clutches of the priests; and all the old evils, and all the old abuses, returned. The people then began to perceive that he had been labouring for their benefit; and, in fpite of the severity of his administration, would gladly have been governed again by that head which they had so lately devoted to the block *.

It is generally remarked, perhaps generally true, that the folitude of discarded ministers is haunted by the ghost of their former grandeur; that they cannot confole themselves for the lofs of attendance, adulation, and power; and that their mind, accustomed to the management of great affairs, preys upon itself, when deprived of its usual aliment. Carvalho was a stranger to these torments. He lived cheerfully, in modeft retirement, on his eftate of Pombal, passing his time in reading, in doing acts of beneficence to his indigent neighbours and vassals, and in adminiftering confolation to his wife, whose weaker nature, and German pride, could ill brook difgrace, and who then began for the first time to regret that ever the left Vienna.

Though a man of a great, fagacious, and intrepid mind, the Marquis of Pombal was far from a perfect character. Haughty, violent, vindictive, and rapacious, he mixed his own injuries and interest with those of the state. Even when in fole pursuit of the general welfare, he was not irreproachable. Instead of removing the obstacles that stood in his way with difcretion, he rudely overturned them, without caring whom they crushed; and thus miffed the fame of a good minifter, by being too eager to do good.

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* Soon after his disgrace, the following faying was current in Portugal: Mal tor mal, melhor Pombal:" that is, Evil for evil: it ware better to have Pombal.

799-1

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(55)

VARIETIES,

LITERARY and PHILOSOPHICAL;

Including Notices of Works in Hand, Domestic and Foreign.

*** Authentic Communications for this Article will always be thankfully received.

SECOND volume of Dr. TROTTER'S Medicina Nautica is now in the press, and will be published early in February. The plan of the former part of this work is more or less continued, with communications from Navy Surgeons, in most foreign stations as well as in the fleet

at home.

Mr. MACKINTOSH, the celebrated author of Vindicia Gallice," proposes to deliver a Course of Lectures in Lincoln's Inn Hall, on the Law of Nature and Nations, comprehending the whole PhiLofophy of Morality, Government, and Law. They are to be continued three times a week during the fitting of the Courts in Westminster Hall.

The publication of the British Medical Journal is deferred by unavoidable circumstances till the first day of March, when it will make its appearance under the more comprehenfive title of the Medical and Phyfical Journal. Mr. W. Mudie, of Edinburgh, will act as its agent for North Britain, and Mr. Colbert, of Dublin, as its agent for Ireland. The profpect of patronage and of valuable correfpondence is already exceedingly fattering.

Mr. F. TwIss has for twelve years paft been employed in the compilation of an Index to Shakespeare, which he has now brought to a conclufion, and purposes to publish in the course of the enTuing winter. This most elaborate Index is on a plan, different from any which has hitherto appeared, as it contains a distinct enumeration of every fubftantive, adjective, verb, participle, and adverb, to be met with in Shakspeare's plays, with a particular reference to every paffage, in which they occur, in a manner adapted to every edition.

About the end of March will be published in a quarto volume, by John and Arthur Arch, Grove-Hill, a descriptive Poem and an Ode to Mithra, by the Rev. THOMAS MAURICE, author of the Hif tory of Hindoftan, &c.

Miss PLUMPTRE, the tranflator of Kotzebue's Lover's Vows, and of his Count of Burgundy is at this time engaged in the tranflation of the two fine Dramas of that Author, entitled the • Virgin of the Sun, and the Death of Rollo. Proposals will shortly be published for 24 abridgement of Dr. Doddridge's Family Expoftor, as a continuation of

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Mr. Job Orton's work on the Old Teftae ment, according to the plan which the author himself had formed, in two large volumes, 8vo.

For the fake of those who wish to learn, or to teach Dr. Doddridge's Short-hand, (which was an improvement upon Riche's fyftem, recommended by Locke,) one who had been a pupil in the Doctor's academy, proposes to publish the rules in a method entirely new; the characters made with a pen. In fome copies blank spaces will be left to be filled up by any one who prefers doing it himself.

A new edition of the Biographical Work, entitled ، Public Characters of 1798,' is in the prefs, with additions, and corrected and revifed in every article.

A fourth Set of Glees, for three, four, and five voices, by JOHN DANEY, together with The Ode to Hope, in eight parts, presented to the Glee Club, is intended to be published by fubscription, for the benefit of the author's family in the month of March, 1799, price 10s. 6d. Mr. BROWN, author of a Treatise on Scrophulous Diseases, has in the prefs a Poem, intitled Inkle and Yarico, founded on Mr. Coleman's celebrated Opera of that name. He has alfo made confiderable progrefs in his work on the Anatomy and Phyfiology of the Teeth.

A new edition, with confiderable al. terations and improvements, will shortly make its appearance of the work, entitled 'Literary Memoirs of Living Authors.

An interesting work, for the use of young perfons, is in the press, and will be ready for delivery in the course of this month, entitled The Discovery of America; comprising the Life and Difcoveries of Chriftopher Columbus, with frontifpiece and map; from the German of J. H. CAMPE, the Author of Young Robinfon.

Profeffor DANZEL, of Hamburgh, has circulated proposals for publishing by fubfcriptions of one guinea, A Description,' in French, illustrated with eighteen engravings,

Imo. Of an Aeroftatic Machine, to direct Air-Balloons, called Danzeline; 2do. Of a fecond Aerostatic Machine, pointing out the means of direction;

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3to. Of a third, affording another way to direct Air-Balloons;

4to. Of an Hydraulic Machine, to put in motion the rudder of a ship: and, confequently

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quently to make her go without the least air ftirring, i. e. in a dead calm.

All his own invention.

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After the copies shall have been delivered out to every fubfcriber, or the perfon he authorises to receive the fame, all the numbers will be put in a wheel, and every hundredth number that shall be drawn, will be entitled to fmall model of the Aeroftatic Machine called Danzeine, ready fitted up. The drawing to take place in the course of May 1799, in the prefence, of the fubfcribers refiding at the place of drawing, which place, as well as the day of drawing, is to be publicly advertised. The expence attending the conveyance of the models to be de frayed by the winners; and a lift of fuch winning members will likewise be published. Subfcriptions taken in Great Britain, by Dulau and Co.

A publication is about to appear under the title of the Ladies' Annual Regifter, intended to record whatever passes in each preceding year interesting in any degree to the female and fashionable

world.

EICHHORN's Introduction to the Books of the Old Testament and Apocrypha, will shortly be committed to the University press, by the Rev. Mr. Lloyd, Regius Profeffor of Hebrew at Cambridge; who, instead of confining his attention to tranflating alone, has undertaken to anfwer the objections of the author, and fubjoin important additions to his work.

THE ARTS. To the admirers of the fine arts, LONDON at present affords a variety of entertainment, which for value, variety, and splendour, cannot be paralleled in any other city in the world.

The Orleans Gallery was once the great ornament of Paris: the pictures are faid to have cost the immenfe fum of 480,0001. On the breaking out of the troubles in France, they paffed from the hands of the proprietors into those of Mr. Woltiers, the banker, of Bruffels; by whom they were made over to M. De La Borde, banker to the King of France; and by him they were very judiciously configned to England.

The first part of the collection, confifting of the Flemish and Dutch pictures, were fold, in the year 1793. The remainder, confifting of the Italian School, by much the most valuable, are now upon fale. The whole, confifting of 296 pictures, were purchased by the Duke of Bridgewater, Lord Carlifle, and Lord Gower, for fomething more than forty choufand pounds,

This may unquestionably be denominated a matchless collection; but at the same time that we bestow upon it every eulogium which the united efforts of artifts of other days, and other climes, are entitled to,

"On Greece and Rome why lavish all our praife? Let us not neglect the natives of our own country, which, notwithstanding the visionary calculations of M. L'Abbe Winckelman, and some other writers, who have tried to prove that we are in too cold a latitude for the production of works of genius, may now boaft of productions that will stand the test of com. parison; of productions, which prove that we have improved, and are improving in the polite arts.

MACKLIN's gallery, confifting of a collection of pictures by English artifts, generally painted in a style that does great honour to the English school, is now fubmitted to the public, and to be disposed of by tickets, price 51. 5s. each; to be determined by the enfuing State Lottery. To those who wish to poffefs a chance for fome of the finest pictures that ever were painted in this country, this affords an admirable opportunity, at a very small expence, for every unfuccefsful adventurer is entitled to two prints, the figures in which are engraved by Bartolozzi, and at a very low estimation may be deemed worth half the original price

of the ticket.

An exhibition of a new and very fingu. lar description is on the point of being opened in the Haymarket. It confifts of between one and two hundred pictures of birds, beasts, and fishes, by the late Mr. Elmer of Farnham, in Surrey. This modeft, unaffuming, and admirable artist, retained for more than half a century the first rank in that branch of the arts which he professed and practifed. In laborious and high-finishing he may have been equalled by fome of the Flemish and Dutch painters; but in accuracy of drawing, character of the species, and spirit, he excelled them all. He died a short time fince, at 82 years of age. The pictures which were not disposed of at his death, among which are fome of the best he ever painted, will be fubmitted to public infpection, in the Haymarket, as The Sportsman's Exhibition.

The honourable Mrs. DAMER has

offered to execute a portrait of Lord NELSON, either in marble or bronze, to be placed in any part of the city which the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen

may

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