not necessarily imply trees, though trees naturally grew in most uncultivated solitudes. The term forest neant a space of ground kept for the chase, and belonging to the king or a noble, and subject to peculiar laws.

The GROVE (A. S. graf), connected with the verb grave and groove, is etymologically a place cut out among trees. The grove differs from the wood and the forest. It is commonly frequented. Its trees are cultivated to their full height, and it is cleared of all underwood. It was of old the site of the temple of some deity, or was a shady retreat of students and philosophers.

WORK. LABOUR. TOIL.

WORK (A. S. weorc, work, labour) is the generic term. It may be hard or light.

LABOUR (Lat. läbōrem) is hard work.

TOIL (O. Du. tuyl, labour, connected with till, A. S. tilian) is grievous work.

WORLDLY (A. S. woruld-lic) means relating to the world, especially relating to this world or life in contradistinction to the life to come; as worldly pleasures, affections, maxims, actions, and the like.

SECULAR (Lat. sæculāris ; sæculum, the age or fashion) means relating to the world, in the sense of worldly fashions, habits, or modes of living.

TEMPORAL (Lat. temporalis, tempus, time) means, literally, lasting for a time, as distinguished from eternal. In common parlance, WORLDLY is opposed to heavenly; TEMPORAL, to eternal; SECULAR, to ecclesiastical or religious. SECULAR is morally an indifferent term. The same may commonly be said of TEMPORAL; but WORLDLY has generally a bad sense, as a worldly spirit is one which is imbued by sordid principles of gain, and is wanting in high-mindedness or purity of motive. The Upper House of Parliament in Great Britain consists of Lords spiritual and temporal. The office of a

WRATH. ANGER. CHOLER. IRE. RAGE.

An impatience and disturbance of spirit against others is characteristic of these terms. WRATH (A. S. wræð, wrath) is commonly connected with a proud, vindictive, or imperious nature. We speak of the wrath of kings and mighty men, and so the term hardly seems to harmonize with the idea of anger in inferior mortals. We speak especially of the wrath of the Almighty. The term WRATH, unlike ANGER, is inapplicable to the passions of inferior animals. Wrath is violent and continuous anger, accompanied by vindictiveness, or, at least, by a desire of inflicting punishment upon its object.

"A revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil."-English Bible.

ANGER, on the other hand (Lat. angorem, compression of the neck, from angère, to choke, Gr. ayxe, to press tightly), is the term to express the common feeling of men, who are ready to feel keen displeasure against wrong, real or supposed, whether in the case of others or themselves. Anger may be selfish or disinterested.

received or in contemplation, that is, by the idea of something of a pernicious nature and tendency being done or intended in violation of some supposed obligation to a contrary conduct."-COGAN.

CHOLER (Fr. colère, Lat. cholera, bile; from Gr. xoλépa, the cholera) denotes the constitutional aspect of anger, or the feeling as it affects the frame, gestures, and countenance of men. The choleric is quick to ANGER, by force of natural temperament.

"His constitution, indeed, inclined him to be choleric; but he gained so perfect an ascendant over his passion that it never appeared, except sometimes in his countenance upon a very high provocation."BOYLE.

IRE (Lat. ira) may be taken as sometimes a poetic equivalent of ANGER. But anger is more severe and enduring; ire, more explosive, less reasoning, pretending less of cause and ground of offence.

"Breaches through which the wrath of an ireful judge may hereafter break in upon us."-SOUTH.

RAGE (Fr. rage, Lat. rabies) is a vehement, ungovernable ebullition of anger akin to the influence of a disease, breaking forth into extravagant expressions and violence of demeanour. Wrath may be justifiable, and anger may be just; but rage is a distemper of the soul to be regarded only with abhorrence.

"Anger, in the excess of its violence, when it is excited to a degree of frenzy, so that the mind has totally lost self-command, when it prompts to threats and actions extravagant and atrocious, is termed rage."-COGAN.

WREATH. GARLAND. CHAPLET. WREATH (A. S. wrædh) is anything continuously twisted into substantial form or which wears such an appearance, as a wreath of vapour or of flowers.

The GARLAND (O. Fr. garlande) is a wreath of leaves, flowers, or feathers.

CHAPLET (O. Fr. chapelet, a little head-dress) is a garland or wreath to be worn on the head. The chaplet is placed on the person or a statue. The garland is commonly carried in the hand, and the wreath deposited for decoration or commemoration in some

particular locality, or suspended upon some object.

WRENCH. WREST. WRING. WRENCH (A. S. wrencan) denotes the combination, in the exercise of force, of pulling and twisting.

WREST (A. S. wrastan) denotes the same thing, but superadds the idea of disengagement. A thing is commonly said to be wrenched out, and wrested away, the action of wresting originating in a desire to twist the thing out of some position or possession in which it is held.

WRING (A. S. wringan) denotes the exercise of a force by twisting, which does not pass beyond the structure of the thing or substance twisted; as to wring one's hands, to wring a wet cloth. To wring and to wrench may be the work of accident or design; to wrest, always of design. The two former are only used in physical and analogous senses. To wrest has also the moral meaning of distort, as by violent twisting to misinterpret words.

caligraphy.

AUTHOR (Lat. auctor) is one whose pen or writing is the medium of original thoughts. The term has a familiar and a more dignified meaning. A writer of a letter is not termed technically an author, unless the letter passed into a literary form. On the other hand, he who wrote the letter might be called, in the general sense of the term, the author of it, if its contents were canvassed.

SCRIBE (Lat. scribère, to write) is a professional writer officially and pub licly appointed, or exercising the art

of transcribing or writing from dictation as a trade. The office belongs to ancient times and foreign countries, rather than to ourselves.

"The crucifixion of Christ under Pontius Pilate is related by Tacitus, and divers of the most remarkable circumstances attending it, such as the earthquake and miraculous darkness, were recorded in the public Roman registers, commonly appealed to by the first Christian writers, as what could not be denied by the adversaries themselves."-CLARKE.

"Sanderson calls him a common penman, who penciled the dialogue (probably the decalogue) in the Dutch Church, London, his first rise of preferment."--WALPOLE, Anecdotes of Painting.

"An authorless pamphlet."-FULLER.

"Scribe was a name which, among the Jews, was applied to two sorts of officers: 1. To a civil; and so it signifies a notary or, in a large sense, any one employed to draw up deeds and writings. 2. This name scribe signifies a church officer, one skilful and conversant in the law to interpret and explain it."-SOUTH.

To YIELD (A. S. geldan, to pay, yield) is to surrender one's self in consequence of external pressure

"I was not born to yield, thou haughty Scot,"

It differs somewhat from SUBMIT. At least Milton makes a distinction:

"And courage never to submit or yield." To YIELD is less voluntary than to SUBMIT. We yield when our force has been vainly exerted against force which has proved superior to our own. We sometimes submit because it is prudent, or not altogether uncongenial, or because we recognize superior authority. I yield because I am compelled; I choose whether I will subinit or not. Yielding is therefore final and complete. It is possible that submission may be partial. In yielding, the characteristic idea is the mastery over one's own will; in submission, the placing one's self at the will of another. It is true that we

may yield to moral as well as to physical force, as we may yield to entreaty; still it is always force to which we yield. One yields after a struggle, one may submit without resistance,

YOUNG. JUVENILE. PUERILE. YOUTHFUL.

YOUNG (Lat. juvěnis) denotes the age of youth; the rest its characteristics. JUVENILE denotes the character of youth in regard to its tendencies, training, pursuits, and the like; PUERILE (Lat. puer, a boy), the character of such actions or thoughts as savour of youth in grown-up persons, whose judgment and tastes are presumed to be mature. YOUTHFUL., on the other hand, denotes the normal character of youth, and expresses the quality which rightly and naturally belongs to the period of youth, and may be expected to manifest itself in connexion with the earlier times of human life. YOUNG is simply opposed to old.

"I have been young, and now am old; yet never saw I the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging their bread."-English Psalms.

"Here (in Romeo and Juliet') is one of the few attempts of Shakespeare to exhibit the conversation of gentlemen, to represent the airy sprightliness of juvenile elegance." -JOHNSON.

""Tis sure a practice that savours much of pedantry, a reserve of puerility we have not shaken off from school."-BROWN, Vulgar Errors.

"Is she not more than painting can express,

Or youthful poets fancy when they love?

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ZEAT. ARDOUR.

ROWE.

FERVOUR.