ought to have the precedence of all other motives, as being the most worthy; the man of honour thinks and feels in a noble kind of way. He is not a creature of obedience or reflexion, or of imitation; but he thinks and speaks and acts with a sort of loftiness which makes him his own director, a law unto himself. Honour is an instinct of virtue, defective in principle, yet frank and unflinching. It is a natural quality, yet capable of being developed by education, capable of laying down principles and following examples.

VISCERA. INTESTINES. ENTRAILS. BOWELS.

Of these the generic term is ENTRAILS (Fr. entrailles). It comprises the rest. The VISCERA (Lat. viscera) are those internal organs which are destined to produce the changes needful to health or life. Such are the heart, liver, lungs, bowels, and the like.

The INTESTINES (Lat. intestinus, intus, within) are properly certain substances internally fleshy and externally membranous, which serve the purpose of digesting, purifying, and distributing the chyle, and voiding the excrements. The viscera are different bodies charged each with its own proper functions. The intestines form one continuous body, though divided into specific portions.

BOWELS (Fr. boyau, O. Fr. boyel) only differs from INTESTINES as the popular term from the scientific.

VISITANT. VISITOR. VISITORS (L. Lat. vīsītātōrem, vīsătare, to visit) are always persons.

VISITANTS is employed with more of poetic latitude to denote any living creatures which visit. An angel might be called a celestial visitant. The birds which come back in the spring may be called the visitants of the grove.

He alone, To find where Adam, sheltered, took his

way,

Not unperceived of Adam, who to Eve, While the great visitant approached, thus spake." MILTON.

"Distinguishing the familiar tries of relation from the most modest visitor." Tatler,

VOTE. Suffrage. VOTE (Fr. vote, Lat. votum, a vou is generic.

SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium, a vote) is specific. A vote may be given on any subject, being a formal or constitutional expression of opinion on the part of a member of a body in regard to the actions or interests of the body. A suffrage is a vote on certain matters, as on a controverted opinion, or on the appointment of a person to an office of trust. The suffrage seems to imply more than the support implied by a vote. A suffrage is an expres sion of sentiment, so strong that it carries sometimes the meaning of petition. It may be added that suf frage is nothing until it expressed. Vote denotes a power or privilege as well as the exercise of it. A man has a vote and gives it. He gives his suffrage.

a

"To vote in this way, to vote incorruptibly, to vote on high motives, to vote on large principles, to vote honestly, requires a great amount of information."-F. W. ROBERTSON.

"I ask your voices and your suffrages.”— SHAKESPEARE.

"I firmly believe that there is a purga tory, and that the souls therein detained are helped by the suffrages (prayers) of the faithful."-Creed of Pius IV.

VOUCH. ATTEST.

VOUCHING (O. Fr. voucher, to callLat. vocare-a third person to represent one's self when attacked in one's rights; an old law term) is a kind of ATTESTATION (Lat. attestări, to bear witness) in which the witness voluntarily undertakes to make himself responsible for the truth of what he says. Hence the term is sometimes employed in the sense of making a promise for another, or undertaking that he shall do something. ATTESTATION relates to the past, or what has happened; Vouch, also to the future, or what has been undertaken to be done.

"I write concerning a man so fresh in all people's remembrance, that is so lately dead, and was so much and so well knowr

WANDER (A. S. wandrian, to wander) is indefinite and continuous. It is the continuous result of mind or purpose. It does not imply a dereliction of any straight line or appointed course, though certain wanderings are of this nature. In wandering there is discontinuity of progress, whether the case be one of bodily or mental wandering. It does not involve of necessity any departure from a line of obligation or right.

DEVIATE (Lat. de, from, and via, a way) is definite and instantaneous. A person or thing has deviated the moment that it has left an appointed or regular line of movement, plan, or rule. It is, unlike WANDER, applicable to merely mechanical movement.

"There Nature deviates, and here wanders will." POPE.

ERR (Lat. errare, to wander, to err) is always purely intellectual, involving a misconception or miscalculation of truth. It is employed only in a secondary sense of moral things in relation to an analogous line or path of rectitude.

STRAY (O. Fr. estrayer, L. Lat. extrarius, a strayed beast) denotes illicit wandering, as from a direct course, or from a constituted company, or from prescribed limits. It is the result, not so much of deliberate purpose, as of the absence of purpose, and the effect of heedlessness. It is the fault of the young, the idle, and the thoughtless to stray, as it is the lot of humanity at large

to err.

SWERVE (SW. svarfa, to turn: LATHAM; cf. Du. swerven, to wander) is to deviate from the line of right pur

posely and consciously, or mechanically.

"Alas! where at this moment is the Church of France ? Her altars demolished, her treasures spoiled, her holy things profaned, her persecuted clergy and her plandered prelates wanderers on the earth."BISHOP HORSLEY.

"We have erred and strayed from Thy ways like lost sheep."-English Prayer Book.

"Our affections and passions put frequently a bias so secret and yet so strong on our judgments, as to make them swerve from the direction of right reason."BOLINGBROKE.

DIVERGE (Lat. divergium, a point of separation, dis- and vergere, to incline or tend), unlike the others, is applicable not only to one, but also to two or more moving objects or lines. It may be a conscious or unconscious process, and unlike DEVIATE denotes nothing of error or wrong. I deviate from the path when I do not know it or lose sight of it, I diverge from it to take another.

"The centre of six ways Diverging each from each like equal rays," COWPER.

WARRANT. GUARANTEE. These words are etymologically identical, warrant being the English form of the French guarantir; and in their primary senses they are identical also, namely, to undertake that something shall be forthcoming from another; as the payment of a debt or the performance of a duty. Hence, to undertake to secure anything to another. But to WARRANT has passed beyond this into the sense of holding a person harmless for doing an act; hence, to authorize.

"Canst thou, and honoured with a Chris

tian name,

Buy what is woman-born, and feel no

shame,

Trade in the blood of innocence, and plead Expedience as a warrant for the deed ?" COWPER.

"The treaty of Nimeguen, of which the King of England was guarantee.”—BUR

NET.

WASTE. SQUANDER. DISSIPATE. The two last are modes of the first. TO WASTE (A. S. wéstan) is primarily to desolate, then to wear away; then to spread, or spread unwarily, un

necessarily, or without return. He wastes who lavishes. He also very often wastes who neglects.

SQUANDER (probably a nasalized form of scatter, with which in East Anglia squander is synonymous; and compare O. Germ. schwenden, to vanish, dwindle) is always active and positive to spend lavishly or profusely without need and without return. As to squander is to waste in the gross, so to DISSIPATE (Lat. dissipare, to scatter, to squander) is to waste in detail, bit by bit. Want of plan may lead to squandering. Want of self-constraint in the purchase of pleasure in all forms leads to dissipating. Extravagance squanders. Levity dissipates. WASTE is more general than SQUANDER and DISSIPATE. We may waste resources of any kind; as time, opportunities, power, talents. We are not said to squander or dissipate anything but money, or such resources as are analogous to it.

He is WATCHFUL who is careful to observe closely.

He is VIGILANT (Lat. vigilare, to keep awake) who is actively watchful. A policeman must be wakeful, or he will go to sleep on his rounds; he must be watchful, or much will escape his notice which he ought to have observed, or robberies will be committed which might have been prevented. He must be vigilant, if he has taken upon himself to act as a detective. We speak of a watchful observer; of a vigilant inquirer.

"He must watchfully look to his own steps who is to guide others by his authority and example."-BARROW.

"It is not iron bands nor hundred eyes, Nor brazed walls, nor many wakeful spies."

SPENSER.

"While we watch vigilantly over every political measure, and communicate an alarm through the empire with a speed almost equal to the shock of electricity, there will be no danger that a king should establish despotism, even though he were to invade the rights of his people at the head of a standing army."-KNOX

WAVE. BREAKER.

WAVE (A. S. wág, a wave) is generic, being an oscillating mass or ridge of fluid, commonly water. though we speak analogously of waves of the atmosphere and of light. The rest are specific.

BILLOW (Dan. bölge, connected with bulge, bilge, bole, belly, &c. &c.) is the largest kind of sea-wave.

SURGE (Lat. surgère, to rise) is a swelling and subsiding wave, the term being more commonly used in the plural.

BREAKER is a wave of which the top is separated into foam, and broken off from the body of the wave either by the force of the wind or the impact of the body of water upon rocks or a shallow bottom.

WEALTH. AFFLUENCE. OPULENCE. RICHES.

WEALTH (A. S. wela, well being, riches) is the simplest and the generic term, denoting at first prosperity, weal as opposed to woe, and after

wards large possessions of money, goods, or land.

AFFLUENCE (Lat. affluere, to flow towards) carries with it the idea of large sources and unfailing supplies of the good things of this life, especially of those elegances and luxuries which are the tokens of wealth.

OPULENCE (Lat. opulentia, riches) carries with it the idea of abundance, as RICHES (Fr. richesse, the noun being therefore in English properly singular, not plural) of value. RICHES expresses an abundance of valuable things irrespectively of ownership, as WEALTH may express the same; while AFFLUENCE and OPULENCE are not spoken of irrespectively of the subjects of them; as, riches is a snare to many; the wealth of London is enormous. AFFLUENCE, OPULENCE, and RICHES are used only in the sense of material possessions. AFFLUENCE is hardly applicable, like OPULENCE, to localities. Opulent (not affluent) provinces or cities. So much more strictly relative to persons are wealth, affluence, and opulence, that men's condition might be spoken of as one of either of these; but it would be impossible to speak of a condition of riches. Riches and opulence differ in that riches is an abundance of good things, opulence is the assemblage of enjoyments which riches can procure. A miser is rich, not opulent. Possession and enjoyment are the two conditions of opulencc.

"That wealth consists in money, or in gold and silver, is a popular notion which naturally arises from the double action of money as the instrument of commerce and as the measure of value."-SMITH, Wealth of Nations.

"Though an unwieldy affluence may afford some empty pleasure to the imagination, yet that small pleasure is far from being able to countervail the embittering cares that attend an overgrown fortune."BOYLE.

The wealth of the Medici made them masters of Florence, though it is probable that it was not considerable compared to the united property of that opulent republic."-HUME.

"With the greater part of rich people, the chief enjoyment of riches consists in the parade of riches, which, in their eye, is never so complete as when they appear

to possess those decisive marks of opulence which nobody can possess but themselves." -SMITH, Wealth of Nations.

WIND. BREEZE. BLAST. GALE. GUST.

Of these, WIND (A. S. wind) is the most comprehensive and indefinite.

BREEZE (Fr. brise, It. brezza, Sp. brisa (N. E. wind), origin unknown: LITTRE) is a gentle, orderly wind.

BLAST (A. S. blæst) denotas violence or effort of blowing; as the blast of a trumpet, of bellows, of artillery.

A GALE (Icel. gola, a breeze) is a strong but steady wind.

A GUST (Icel. gustr) is a wind at once violent and fitful, or, rather, it is itself a fit of wind.

WISDOM. PRUDENCE. PRUDENCE (Lat. prudentia, for providentia) is a reasonable foresight.

WISDOM (A. S. wisdóm) makes us act and think to the purpose. Prudence prevents us from acting and thinking to the contrary. The one is positive and the other negative. The one seeks to find the right way for accomplishing its ends, the other seeks to make itself acquainted with the wrong with a view to avoiding it. The wise man employs what seems to be the best means of success, walking by the light of reason. The prudent man takes the way that he thinks the most sure, and trusts not himself to unknown paths. Wisdom is higher than prudence, for it has truth for its object, while prudence proposes happiness. Wisdom is reason made perfect by knowledge. Prudence is right reason applied to the conduct of life, and therefore comes largely from experience of life. Wisdom is theoretical, prudence practical. Of all the qualities of the mind wisdom is the highest, and prudence the most useful. Wisdom is not properly a virtue, but only so far as it brought to bear upon morals. Prudence is one of the cardinal virtues, sharing its place with temperance, justice, and rectitude. Wisdom shows generally the end and the way. Prudence, with its practical knowledge and experi

ence, will often point out ways with which wisdom does not happen to be cognizant. Wisdom enlightened by knowledge dictates true precepts. Prudence aided by experience recommends reasonable rules. Wisdom

takes high and broad views, prudence deals with details of conduct and counts its steps. The one thinks well, the other acts well. It was this wisdom that Solomon asked from on high. And so wisdom guides while prudence cautions. It may be said that wisdom contains prudence as a part of itself. One cannot be wise without being prudent, but one may be after a sort prudent without being wise. So we speak of the Almighty as perfectly wise, not prudent; for they are strong who are wise, but the weak may be prudent. Yet though prudence is only a part of wisdom, wisdom is without it worse than imperfect. Prudence is wisdom's practical safeguard.

In WISH (A. S. wrscan, to wish, to adopt) the feeling is gentler, and the object more remote.

In DESIRE (Fr. désir, Lat. desiděrium) the feeling is more eager, and he object more at hand. Wishes are at most warm and strong. Desires may be impetuous and ungovernable. In expressing one's feelings toward others over whom we have authority, it is a much milder form of command to say, "I wish you to do this," than to say, "I desire you to do this," though the feeling prompting the injunction may be the same. The former is the gentler, the latter the_more authoritative mode of speech. Desire errs on the side of a want of regulation, wishes on the side of misapprehension of good and of undue number.

"A wish is an inactive desire. It is the result of that longing after happiness so natural to man in cases where no expectations can be formed, no efforts can be made."- COGAN.

"Desire influential to action may be defined that uneasy sensation excited in the mind by the view or by the contemplation of any desirable good which is not in our possession, which we are solicitous to obtain, and of which the attainment appears at least possible."— Ibid.

WITNESS. DEPONENT.

The WITNESS (A. S. witnes, know ledge, testimony) is he who knows from personal perception or observation, and, in an extended sense, person who for legal purposes attests generally; while DEPONENT (Lat. deponere, to lay down; and, afterwards, to bear witness) is one who gives his evidence in a court of law. Every deponent is a witness; but every wit ness is not a deponent, as, for instance, he who witnesses the signing of a document. WITNESS is the generic, DEPONENT the specific and technical term. In law the deponent is one who gives written testimony under oath, which is called a deposition, to be used in the trial of a case before a court of justice, as distinguished from the affiant who makes an affidavit or declaration under oath to establish the truth of his statement.

"There is satisfactory evidence that many professing to be original witnesses of the Christian miracles passed their lives in labours, dangers, and sufferings, voluntarily undergone in attestation of the accounts which they delivered, and solely in conse quence of their belief in the truth of those accounts, and that they also submitted from the same motives to new rules of conduct." -PALEY.

"The pleader having spoke his best,
Had witness ready to attest,
Who fairly could on oath depose,
When question on the fact arose,
That every article was true;
No further these deponents knew."

SWIFT.

WOOD. FOREST. GROVE. BRAKE. THICKET. COPSE.

A space of ground covered by trees is the idea common to these terms; but a WOOD (A. S. wudu) is smaller than a FOREST (Fr. forét, Lat. forestis, unenclosed woodland; see BRACHET'S account), more cared for and culti vated. The wood is near human dwellings and often visited. It is traversed by frequent footsteps. is bright with wild flowers, and resounds to the songs of birds. The forest is wild, remote, and unfamiliar, perhaps impenetrable, little trodden by human feet, the resort of the bunter, the haunt of wild animals. In its original meaning the forest did