human prudence could foresee or prevent. A casualty of this kind would be the death of another at a certain moment, or our own. Human life is subject to casualties, but it is only liable to accidents. Accidents spring immediately out of the situation of the individual. Casualties out of the character, condition, or circumstances which he shares with others. Men and women might suffer equally from the upsetting of a carriage, but the life of men being more active and public, involving many dangerous trades and professions, exposes them to more serious and frequent casualties than that of women. "The cause why the children of Israel took unto one man many wives, might be lest the casualties of war should in any way hinder the promises of God concerning their multitude, from taking effect on them."-HOOKER. A CONTINGENCY is to a circumstance or set of circumstances what an accident is to a person or set of persons; but the effect of an accident is simple, that of a contingency complex. An accident is a chance, a contingency is a chance upon a chance. When one event or set of events happens to fall in with another event or set of events, so as to produce a result of practical moment, this is a contingency. It is a dependent or resultant occurrence, an event which flows out of antecedent circumstances, themselves fortuitous, and so itself a fortuitous combination. "The remarkable position of the Queen rendering her death a most important contingency."-HALLAM. INCIDENT, like accident, expresses a befalling without importing the idea of chance, though it may owe its interest to a certain unexpectedness. It is an event regarded irrespectively of what led to it, but not precluding the plain recognition or ascertainment of its cause, as e.g. an incident in a voyage or history. As an accident belongs to things without, and comes in to mar, interrupt, or even stop a course of things, so an incident belongs to that course, and is a varied feature or episode in it. It is to action what episode is to narrative, a deviation without loss of continuity, being not untoward or frustrative, but illustrative and helpful. It may be observed that the notion of harm which associates itself with casualty is not attached to casual, which means simply coming in collaterally, coinciding with other matters, but not having any important effect upon them, so that its meaning borders upon that of trivial. ACCOMPANIMENT. CONCOMITANT. ADJUNCT. APPENDAGE. An ACCOMPANIMENT (see Accompany) is that which goes by nature or may be made to go with another thing by reason of its fitness or harmony. The purpose of an accompaniment is to make that which it accompanies fuller, better, and more complete. Being itself of a different nature or character from that which it accompanies, it adds to it in value or efficiency. "We have the same representative of Hymen in an epithalamium, the usual indispensable accompaniment of a wedding." -WARTON. A CONCOMITANT (Lat. concomitare, to accompany) is that which follows another thing by its physical or moral force and tendency, or belongs to it in time and historically. In concomitant the fact of accompaniment, rather than any purpose or fitness, is expressed. "The length of this account I flatter myself will be excused, as it contains a few curious particulars which are not foreign to the subject, and which concomitantly illustrate the history of the arts."-WAL POLE. An ADJUNCT (Lat. adjungere, part. adjunctus, to join to) is that which is joined to another thing, not being an essential part of it, or belonging to it in nature, but which may be with advantage attached to it, or, as a fact, has been, so that the two go together. "The nature, properties, adjuncts, and effects of God's law."-BARROW. APPENDAGE (Lat. appendicium) is commonly (where it is not used in a purely physical sense) something of the nature of a privilege or possession, which by its suitableness or agreeableness enhances the value of the larger or more considerable thing to which it is annexed. It may be purposely added to it or drawn after, and in some sense required by it. So local privileges may constitute valuable appendages to a title and estates. On the other hand, sumptuous equipages may be a necessary appendage to such a position. Appendages, if not actually onerous, are either valuable or honourable. 'Modesty is the appendage of sobriety." --BISHOP TAYLOR. ACCOMPANY. ATTEND. ESCORT. TO ACCOMPANY (L. Lat. compāniōnem, from con, together, and panis, bread, a companion, being literally a messmate) and ATTEND (Lat. attendere, to give heed to, Fr. attendre, to await) are applicable both to things and persons; ESCORT only to persons. When applied to persons ACCOMPANY implies some sort of equality between the two persons or parties, ATTEND Some measure of inferiority in one to the other. ESCORT (Fr. escorte; as if from Lat. excorrigere, to set straight) is accompaniment of or attendance upon persons for the sake of protection from danger or insult, though where there is little risk of this the escort assumes the character of honourable and deferential accompaniment. It is not a term of long-standing in the language, and according to usage may be employed with equal correctness of the protection afforded by one person and by more than one. It is used of a single person in the following: "To-day shut out, still onward press, When used of things, ACCOMPANY indicates rather a simultaneous, ATTEND a consequent, association. So we say such a thing is attended with serious consequences where we could not employ accompanied. This force the verb has in common with the noun attendant, which means often not only an inferior companion but one who waits or follows upon another one, accompanies another out of regard, or to show him honour, or as an act of friendship, or as deriving pleasure from his society. One escorts from fear of danger on another's behalf, toward whom one entertains honourable regard. One attends out of a more delicate regard, or as discharging a duty which consists in being ready to take his orders or supply his wants. The subordination, implied in attendance, may be voluntary, as when a friend, out of friendship, attends another in sickness. "The Persian dames (So were accustom'd all the Eastern fair), In sumptuous cars accompanied his march." GLOVER. "All knees to Thee shall bow of them that bide In heaven, or earth, or under earth in hell, When Thou attended gloriously from heaven Shalt in the sky appear." MILTON. We commonly speak of companions as agreeable or not, of attendants as numerous or not, of an escort as strong or not. ACCOMPANY and ATTEND are the terms ordinarily employed to express the causation and sequence of phenomena. In that case we use accompany, when the results are simultaneous; attend, when one result leads to another. Exploring expeditions into unknown countries are invariably accompanied with danger and hardship, and frequently attended with loss of life. ACCOMPLISH. EFFECT. EXECUTE. ACHIEVE. PERFORM. ACCOMPLISH (Fr. accomplis; Lat. ad and complere, to fill up) denotes the complete fulfilment of a plan proposed in some measure by one's self. One is not said to accomplish the designs of another as such, though of course we may make them ours. This is done by no adherence to a fixed course, but by the employment of any resources of which we may be possessed, and any instruments of which we can avail ourselves. It is no simple or trivial thing which is said to be accomplished, but something of a complex nature, involving sustained effort in labour or in skill. Personal qualifications, generally, being applied efficiently, lead to accomplishment. To accomplish is to realize a project. We accomplish when we fill up to the needful or proposed extent by doing what is suf ficient for the purpose. So characteristic is this of the term, that it is employed of cases in which the requirement is measured by simple duration, as to accomplish a period of servitude. " And Tullius sayth, that grete thinges ne ben not accomplised by strengthe ne by delivernesse (cleverness) of body, but by good conseil, by auctoritee of persones, and by science."-CHAUCER. TO EFFECT (Lat. efficere, to effect, to work out a thing) relates to the bringing about of a thing as a result, as to ACCOMPLISH is to bring it about as a project. We accomplish by doing what is sufficient; we effect by the application of right means. As the measure of accomplishment is the capability of the agent, so the measure of effect is the potency of the cause. Yet the term is not associated with the operations of mechanical or impersonal powers, but with personal agents, who are said to effect when they set in operation adequate causes. And so long as these means or causes are adequate, they may be in themselves either momentous or slight. A knowledge of the mechanical powers enables man to effect what cannot be effected by the most powerful of beasts. Sometimes one person has effected his purpose by entreaty, where another had employed intimidation without effect. "The Christian Dispensation was necessary to fulfil the purposes of God to man, and to effect that which the divine counsels had decreed in relation to him."-BISHOP HURD. EXECUTE (Lat. exsequi, part. ersecutus, to follow out) expresses a mode of action, not a result, like ACCOMPLISH and EFFECT. We do not accomplish or effect till we have ceased to work. We begin to execute when we begin to act. When we seek to accomplish or effect, the object is before us. When we execute, the object is, so to speak, behind us. We have not to gain it, but to realize it or carry it out. That which we have to accomplish or effect has no existence till it is accomplished or effected. That which we seek to execute is already in existence, though its effectuation is left to us. "Would it not redound to the discredit of an earthly prince to permit that the attendants on his person, the officers of his court, the executors of his edicts should have the least injury offered them-should fare scantily or coarsely, should appear in a sordid garb?"-BARROW. ACHIEVE (Fr. achever, à chef, to a head or end) is to accomplish under special circumstances of difficulty, but differs from the foregoing in that some degree of excellence is attached to the idea, either in the striving or the thing striven for, or both. None of the other synonyms go beyond the fact, and imply nothing of the merit of doing. And although a matter cannot be in itself more than accomplished, effected, or executed, yet there may be room for reilexion that it might have been more fully accomplished, more faithfully or exactly executed, or more permanently effected. But the thing achieved has been pushed to the extreme limit of success, both in the result and the mode in which it has been gained. In the others chance may have combined with effort, but he who has been helped by luck in any degree has not achieved. "No exploits so illustrious as those which have been achieved by the faith and patience, by the courage and prudence, of the ancient saints. They do far surpass the most famous achievements of Pagan heroes." -BARROW. TO PERFORM is to carry on with sustained or continuous action, to perform perfectly is to do this out to the end. We perform what is prescribed or marked out by rule as a part or duty, a function or office, a commandIn all the rest the end is wellnigh everything, in performance the end is frequently nothing, and the doing everything. A performance as such, has no object beyond itself. It is itself an end, the thing being. ment. done for the sake of doing it, or for some purpose which goes along with it, as the exhibition of some quality in the performer, or some pleasure accessory to it. Continuous function according to prescribed rule is performance, whether it be physical, mental, moral, or partly one and partly another, as dancing upon a rope, mental arithmetic, an act of benevolence, or playing a musical instrument, or taking part in a dramatic representation. "Some men are brave in battle who are weak in counsel, which daily experience sets before our eyes. Others deliberate wisely, but are weak in the performing part."-DRYDEN. ACCOST. SALUTE. ADDRESS. GREET. HAIL. Accost (Fr. accoster, Lat. accostare) is literally to come to the side, Lat. costa, of or up to a person, with the purpose of addressing him. In old English writers occurs the form " coast,' " which was employed as a geographical term. ac "So much of Lapland as accoasts the sea." FULLER. The idea of the movement has dropped out of the word, which has come to mean exclusively the purpose of it, namely, the address. It denotes the direction of words to a person in an unpremeditated way whom chance circumstances have thrown in one's way. One accosts another as one meets him in the street, the object being in the first instance to bring one's self before his notice. Hence in accosting there is some degree of abruptness by the necessities of the case, or familiar acquaintance with the person. "If you would convince a person of his mistake, accost him not upon that subject when his spirit is ruffled or discomposed with any occurrences of life, and especially when he has heated his passions in the defence of a contrary opinion."-WATTS. SALUTE (Lat. salutare, to wish health) is to exhibit on meeting some sign of friendship or respect which may or may not consist in, or be accompanied by, words. Among acquaintance it is hardly a voluntary act, and is required by the usages of society. While accost is of equals and in words, salute is not uncommonly of superiors and without words. To salute is deferential, to accost may be so, or it may be quite the contrary. Saluting is momentary and not sustained; while accosting may be momentary in regard to act, and sustained in regard to the words. "I shall not trouble my reader with the first salutes of our three friends."-ADDISON. ADDRESS (Fr. s'adresser, which traces back, through certain changes, to Lat. dirigere, to direct) may be with or without personal meeting, as by letter. It is more sustained than accost. So we might accost a person for the purpose afterwards of addressing him at length. Both accost and salute belong more restrictedly to the moment of first meeting. The verb address is applied sometimes directly to the person addressed, sometimes to the thing, as an observation or a letter addressed to him. For further remarks see the noun ADDRESS. "The shortest and best prayer which we can address to Him who knows our wants and our ignorance in asking is, 'Thy will be done." -BOLINGBROKE. GREET (A. S. grétan) is to salute with some demonstration of personal feeling. This is commonly favourable, as to greet with smiles, but usage sometimes employs the term in reference to the contrary, as the appearance of an unpopular orator, for instance, is greeted with yells and hisses. It is demonstrative recognition by words or other signs and expressions. We accost and salute only persons directly. We may greet their acts or words. By a poetical analogy the term is even extended to events, though, in its older use, it was confined to persons, as very elegantly in the following: answering to the Lat. salve! and so to "I pray'd for children, and thought bar renness In wedlock a reproach. I gain'd a son, ACCOUNT. BILL. As synonyms these words express in common a representation or statement of charges on money. ACCOUNT (Lat. ad and computare, to compute, of which count is an abbreviation) enters more into details than a BILL (O. Fr. bille, a label or note of the value of an article, L. Lat. billa). Hence bill has commonly but one side to it, embodying a charge of one party against another. An account may have two sides to it, a balance being finally struck in favour of one side or party in the account. "To love's account they placed their death And now transfer the sad account to fate." PARNELL. of late, 3r brings it about, and what it is com posed of when it is brought abou.. An account is an explication of facts, and a true account is an exact explica tion of them. It may be of any com plex phenomenon, as of an ordinary personal occurrence, an historical transaction, a physical law or fact, an artificial system or theory. It is not a term of high historic dignity, but refers to matters of the more familiar kind. We should speak of Thucydides' history, rather than account, of The virtue the Peloponnesian war. "Ordinary expense ought to be limited by a man's estate, and ordered to the best, that the bills may be less than the estima tion abroad."-BACON. ACCOUNT. NARRATIVE. NARRATION. DESCRIPTION. RELATION. RECORD. HISTORY. TALE. MEMOIR. STORY. ANECdote. An ACCOUNT, being literally a rendering of counts, is a detailed statement of what makes up a thing, what of an account is not to be lengthy but concise, clear, sufficiently full, and correct. It should contain neither more nor less than the sum of the facts. Its end is to convey instruction with fidelity. Accounts may be vague, coming in from various and unverified sources. On the other hand, narrative, description, and relation, imply more distinctly a narrator, describer, and relater." "For this cause chiefly we thought it good to yield up an account of our faith in "-BP. JEWEL. writing.". A NARRATIVE (Lat. narṛāre, to relate) differs from a narration, as the objective from the subjective, that is, the narration is the narrative viewed in connexion with the mind and act of the narrator. A narrative is not like an account of any complex fact or transaction, but only of such as are characterized by an historic sequence. A narrative belongs to occurrences. It is not only bound to truth of fact and a representation of details in the order of occurrence, but it possesses a rhetorical style. In narration general truth takes the place of minute exactitude; the manner takes precedence of the evidence. It may be the combined result of study and art. It has to do, not with naked facts, but with facts clothed. It does not dispense with interest in aiming at instruction. Its virtue is to be clear, consecutive, striking, touching, elegant, descriptive, illustrative. Livy's narratives of the battles of early Roman history cannot be regarded as historical. RELATION (Lat. referre, part. rèlatus, to relate, record) is literally a |