imputation; it is formal and public. MINATE has a stronger relation to the "Their thoughts the meanwhile accusing "To criminate with the heavy and ungrounded charge of disloyalty and disaffection an uncorrupt, independent, and reforming parliament."-BURKE. IMPEACH and ARRAIGN rather imply than express an accusation or charge. IMPEACH (0. Fr. empescher, prob. Lat. impedicare, to fetter: but see LITTRE) is officially to charge with misbehaviour in office, and may relate to anything which is of the nature of an offence considering the office held. ARRAIGN (O. Fr. uranier, L. Lat. arrationare) is to call to account, and is characteristically employed of the exercise of personal power of judgment. It is to call personally to account in a specific and summary manner, and may be directed against a course of conduct in an individual as well as specific matters of misdemeanour; but ARRAIGN more commonly relates to an act, IMPEACH to a series of acts. IMPEACH is formal and official, ARRAIGN is informal and personal. ARRAIGN involves a decisive act of power in a superior, of boldness in an equal or inferior; for inasmuch as the essence of the word is only to cite in a summary manner to give an account, this may be either by an equal or inferior before a superior, or by a superior before himself. He who arraigns, judges also and decides. This is not the case with IMPEACH. In England the House of Commons impeach, and the House of Lords determine the impeachment. "Censure, which arraigns the public actions and the private motives of princes, has ascribed to envy a conduct which might be attributed to the prudence and moderation of Hadrian."-GIBBON. "Of these the representatives of the people, or House of Commons, cannot properly judge, because their constituents are the parties injured, and can therefore only impeach. But before what court shall this impeachment be tried? Not before the ordinary tribunals, which would naturally be swayed by the authority of so powerful an accuser. Reason, therefore, will suggest that this branch of the legislature, whichrepresents the people, must bring its charge against the other branch, which consists of the nobility, who have neither the same interests nor the same passions as popular assemblies."-BLACKSTONE. "An indictment is a written accusation of one or more persons of a crime or misdemeanour preferred to and presented upon oath by a grand jury."—Ibid. INDICT (Lat. indicere, part. indictus) is a term regulated by the form of process and nature of the offence. In law, it is the peculiar province of a grand jury to ndict, as it is of a hous of representatives to impeach. CHARGE. CARE. MANAGEMENT. ADMINISTRATION. CONTROL. Go VERNMENT. no CHARGE in this sense denotes delegated care under circumstances of responsibility. CARE denotes more than time bestowed upon an object with personal labour or attention. To take care of a child is to keep him out of harm's way. It is the work of solicitude and affection, as CHARGE is of responsibility and duty. To take charge of him is to do everything in connexion with him which another would require. For we take care of what is our own; we take charge of what is another's. "I can never believe that the repugnance with which Tiberius took the charge of the government upon him was wholly feigned." -CUMBERLAND. MANAGEMENT (Fr. ménage, housekeeping, L. Lat. mansionāticum) is the concurrent control which regulates what has progression in itself, so that it may operate in the way in which i is designed; as, we speak of the management of a house, a garden, a It steam-engine, a horse, a matter. implies subjection where persons are concerned, as in the management of a school. ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrationem) relates to offices of power and responsibility. Administration takes effect on men, management may belong only to machines; administration is executive, management may De manipulative. Administration, however, is always ministerial, that is, consists in putting the will or power of another in force; while GOVERNMENT (Lat. gubernare, to steer) involves every exercise of authority, political, civil, or domestic. The government of a country, when the term is not used of persons, is an abiding and perpetual power; the administration belongs to the persons who may be in office from time to time. The character of the term is seen in its etymology. Government is literally the office of him who holds the helm. Its common acceptation is the machine of political rule, but in its wider sense it exists wherever there is authority on one side and dependence on the other. Administration in things political deals with matters of the highest importance; as, Justice, Finance, and general order. CONTROL is literally, to verify a roll by a duplicate rol! (O. Fr. contre-role), hence to govern in movement and action where an independent will and power exist. Machines are managed; men, their acts, wills, desires, are controlled. "I think myself indebted to you beyond all expression of gratitude for your care of my dear mother."-JOHNSON. "Scripture gives something more than abscure intimations that the holy angels are employed upon extraordinary occasions in the affairs of men and the management of this sublunary world."-HORSLEY. "He (the Earl of Clarendon) was a good chancellor, only a little too rough, but very impartial in the administration of justice.' BURNET. "That which begins and actually constitutes any political society is nothing but the consent of any number of freemen capable of a majority to unite and incorporate into such a society. And that is that, and that only, which did or could give any beginning to any lawful government in the world."LOCKE. "If the seeds of piety and virtue be bur carefully sown at first, very much may be done by this means, even in the most depraved natures, towards the altering and changing of them, however to the checking and controlling of our vicious inclinations.' -TILLOTSON. CHARLATAN. QUACK. MOUNTEBANK. EMPIRIC. Etymologically the CHARLATAN (Fr. charlatan) from the Italian ciarlare, to prate, is a prater. The QUACK, a shorter form of the older QUACKSALVER, is a noisy advertiser of his medicine. The MOUNTEBANK is one who does the same thing upon a bench in public,from the Italian montimbánco, montare in banco, to mount on a bench. The EMPIRIC, as here used, means one whose skill or knowledge depends on EXPERIENCE (Gr.uTεIPINŃ, practice) without scientific principle. They express only different aspects of the character of the pretender to skill and knowledge. The charlatan is full of self-assurance; the quack is likely to be an impostor; the mountebank is the most demonstrative, and the empiric the most venturesome. The charlatan deserves humiliation; the quack exposure; the mountebank ridicule, which yet he does not dread; the empiric to be taught that exact knowledge is, in his case, not to be disregarded without injury and injustice. (Empiricism, however, is also used sometimes in a sense not unfavourable, to knowledge which, although knowledge-as e.g. the effect of some medicir s-has not yet been shown to rest upon a scientific basis; and it is the only one word which expresses this.) CHASE. HUNT. PURSUE. mean TO HUNT (A. S. huntian) to seek by close pursuit, by a search for objects not within sight. CHASE (Fr. chasser, Lat. captiare) is a pursuit of objects which are within sight. The fox is hunted in the cover, and chased when he leaves it. This distinction is often lost sight of; and we speak of ab hunting a butterfly, instead of chasing it. To PURSUE (Fr. poursuivre), like HUNT, includes the idea of following after what is not within sight. A wild animal is pursued by the track which he leaves; when he catches sight of his pursuers, he probably flies, and is then chased. Thus CHASE involves more simply than PURSUE the notion of driving an object before one. PURSUE, as it denotes primarily the following of a continuous course, is directly applicable to the course itself, as to pursue a line of conduct. One pursues when one follows after an object, in spite of danger, difficulties, and obstacles, with sustained effort and energy. "Now therefore let not my blood fall to the earth before the face of the Lord; for the King of Israel is come out to seek a flea; as when one doth hunt a partridge in the mountains."-Bible. "The glare did not continue long before it rained again, and kept us from sight of each other; but if they had seen and chased us, we were resolved to run our bark and canoes ashore, and take ourselves to the mountains."-DAMPIER'S Voyages. "Impell'd with steps unceasing to pursue Some fleeting good that mocks me with the view, That, like the circle bounding earth and Allures from far, yet, as I follow, flies." CHASTEN. CHASTISE. PURIFY. Of these the two first are formed from the Latin castus, chaste, pure, and the last from purificare, to make pure. The term PURIFY is applicable to the removal of what is noxious or impure in a moral, physical, or even ceremonial sense. To CHASTEN is to purify morally and spiritually by the providential visitation of distress and affliction; or, generally, to purify from errors or faults, as the effect of discipline. It implies imperfection, but not guilt. "Oh, gently on thy suppliant's head, GRAY, Hymn to Adversity. "He chastises and corrects as to Him seems best in His deep, unsearchable, and secret judgment, and all for our good."— BURTON, Anatomy of Melancholy. "It was a received opinion in the ancient world that human nature had contracted a stain or pollution, and that not only partiular purifyings, but also some general Banctification was necessary to put man in a capacity of being restored to the favour of the Deity."-WARBURTON. "Yet these, receiving grafts of other kind, Or thence transplanted, change their savage mind, Their wildness lose, and quitting Nature's part, Obey the rules and discipline of art." DRYDEN, Virgil. "O Lord, correct me, but with judgment; not in Thine anger, lest Thou bring me to nothing."-Book of Common Prayer. CHASTISE, on the other hand, implies specific guilt or some offence. To PUNISH (Lat. punire) differs from CHASTISE in the object aimed at. In the former, it is to visit the offence upon the individual offender for his own good in correction and reformation; in the latter, it is to satisfy public justice upon a member of a community. It is to be observed that punishment is often used of the consequences of wrong, irrespectively of any personal authority exercised. "I proceed in the next place to consider the general nature of punishments which are evils or inconveniences consequent upon crimes and misdemeanours, being devised, denounced, and inflicted by human laws in consequence of disobedience or misbehaviour in those to regulate whose conduct such laws were respectively made."BLACKSTONE. TO CORRECT (Lat. corrigere, sup. correctum) is, literally, to set right. As used of punishment, correction looks no further than to the individual fault. DISCIPLINE (Lat. disciplina) has for its object the amelioration of the whole character, and the prevention of offences, nor does it imply necessarily that any have been committed. The purest and best natures recognize the need of discipline in themselves. Discipline aims at the removal of bad habits, and the substitution of good ones, especially those of order, regularity, and obedience. CHASTITY. CHASTITY (Lat. castitatem) is the regulation of the sexual desires, as by marriage, and all practical rules or modes of life which tend to it. CONTINENCE (Lat. continentia) is Q the absolute refraining from all such indulgences under interdiction. Chastity is enjoined upon all Christians. Continence is enjoined, for instance, on the Romish clergy. Chastity extends to thoughts, conversation, reading, attitude, movements, society. It is accordingly possible to be chaste and not continent, continent and not chaste. Chastity is a virtue suitable to all ages and states, continence is a rule of celibacy. "It was then that some gallant spirits, struck with a generous indignation at the tyranny of these miscreants, blessed solemnly by the bishop, and followed by the praises and vows of the people, sallied forth to vindicate the chastity of women, and to redress the wrongs of travellers and peaceable men."-BURKE, Abridgment of English History. "Such persons as have not the gift of continency.""-Book of Common Prayer. CHEAT. DEFRAUD. TRICK. CHEAT (a corruption of escheat, as reflecting upon the character of the escheator) respects primarily the gain to yourself resulting from fraudulent practice upon another. DEFRAUD (Lat. defraudare) respects the loss to him. CHEAT is only applied to appropriations of minor value; DEFRAUD to those of the largest amount. DEFRAUD hence regards matters of value generally, as rights and privileges. CHEAT usually regards possessions. Cheating implies knavery; defrauding a settled plan or plot against another's interests. "But since it is not so much worth our labour to know how deep the pit is into which we are fallen as how to come out of it, hear rather, I beseech you, for a conelusion, how we may avoid the deceit of heart; even just so as we would prevent the nimble feats of some cheating juggler -search him, watch him, trust him not. BISHOP HALL. A man may be cheated out of that which he is aiming at obtaining; he is only defrauded of what he can claim as actually his. In games of chance or competition men often cheat; they do not defraud. "The statute mentions only fraudulent gifts to third persons, and procuring them to be seized by sham process, in order to defraud creditors."-BLACKSTONE. TO TRICK (Fr. tricher) is adroitly to deceive another, and implies more ingenuity than cheating. It does not of necessity involve any appropriation to one's self, or any loss to another, but may be dictated by mischievous ag well as dishonest motives. CHEER. ANIMATE. ENCOURAGE. ENLIVEN. EXHILARATE. COMFORT. CONSOLE. SOLACE. To CHEER (Fr. chère, countenance, mien) is to put into good or better spirits. It respects a previous state of mental depression or despondency, and a change to a sober and quiet satisfaction at an improved state of circumstances. "The Christian is justly cheered by the assurance he has that there will come a time when oppressed and disfigured innocency shall shine forth and triumph, and his good name, as well as his body, shall have a glorious resurrection even in the sight of his accusers and enemies, and all those whom their slanders did either prevail with or startle."-BOYLE. To ANIMATE (Lat. ǎnimare) is to put life, vitality, or vivacity into; and respects a previous state of dulness, slowness, indifference, or inertness. It has an influence on the looks, words, and movements, as when an orator in the course of his oration becomes more animated. Reflexion cheers, passion animates. "Wherever we are formed by Nature to any active purpose, the passion which animates us to it is attended with delight or a pleasure of some kind."-BURKE. ENCOURAGE (Fr. encourager) is to give heart; and so respects a previous state of comparative diffidence or irresolution. It implies something proposed as an aim of action, either by the words of another, or by the mind reflecting on some external event. "Plato would have women follow the camp, to be spectators and encouragers of noble actions."-BURTON. ENLIVEN is the English equivalent of animate; but it is not so grave a word, and relates to the minor matters of feeling and manner. It has also the meaning of to quicken what was previously less lively, and may be employed of purely physical energies; "By this means I was enabled to enliven EXHILARATE (Lat. exhilărāre) donotes such cheering as has a combined effect on the spirits and the bodily frame. It may come of a primary influence on either, as to be exhilarated by good wine or good news. It denotes an effect upon the nervous system, and is thus exclusively applicable to persons. "The truth is that this remedy, like strong drink to a nervous body, enlivens for a while by an unnatural exhilaration."KNOX. COMFORT (Lat. confortare, to make trong) and CONSOLE (Lat. consolāri) both relate to relief brought from previous trouble of mind through the aid of admonition or reflexion; but CoмFORT denotes the actual substitution of happy thoughts; while CONSOLE denotes only the removal or diminution of the unhappy. Comfort and consolation address themselves to the intellectual nature. "Consolation or comfort are words which in their proper acceptation signify some alleviation to that pain to which it is not in our power to afford the proper and adequate remedy. They imply rather an augmentation of the power of bearing than a diminution of the burden. To that grief which arises from a great loss he only brings the true remedy who makes his friend's condition the same as before; but he may be properly termed a comforter who, by persuasion, extenuates the pain of poverty, and shows, in the style of Hesiod, that half is more than the whole."-Rambler. SOLACE (Lat. solatium) differs from COMFORT and CONSOLE in being never applied absolutely to human agents. A solace is a continuous consolation accruing from something impersonal, as certain modes or means of occupation, such as reflexions, employments, books, or a person regarded as a blessing or possesion. "The ingenious biographer of the poet Gray has informed us that the most approved productions of his friend brought forth soon after the death of one were whom the poet loved, Sorrow led him to seek for solace of the muse."-KNOX, Essays. CHEERFUL. MERRY. SPRIGHTLY. GAY. MIRTHFUL. JOVIAL. LIVELY. VIVACIOUS. SPORTIVE. BLITHE. Вихом. CHEERFUL (see CHEER) is used both of that which possesses, and that which promotes good spirits; as, a cheerful disposition, cheerful tidings. As applied to persons, CHEERFUL denotes an habitual state of mind, the natural happiness of an even and contented disposition. MERRY points to an occasional and transient elevation of spirits. Mirth, which is the cognate noun to MERRY, is less tranquil than cheerfulness; it requires the companionship ot others to feed upon-social excitement and the noise of jests and laughter are needful for mirth. "Whoever has passed an evening with serious, melancholy people, and has observed how suddenly the conversation was animated, and what sprightliness diffused itself over the countenance, discourse, and behaviour of every one on the accession of a good-humoured, lively companion, such a one will easily allow that cheerfulness carries great weight with it, and naturally conciliates the good will of mankind."HUME. SPRIGHTLY (=spirited, from spright, a form of the word spirit) is purely a personal epithet. Sprightliness is a constitutional buoyancy and briskness of mind which shows itself in the bodily movements. It is in this extended sense only becoming in youth, and as associated with beauty. A sprightly damsel, or a sprightly dame. "Parents and schoolmasters may not be displeased at unlucky tricks played by their lads, as showing a sagacity and sprightliness they delight to behold. Yet they will not suffer them to pass with impunity, lest it should generate idleness and other mischiefs."-SEARCH. GAY (Fr. gai) is a term which denotes less of animal spirits, and expresses the brightness which appears outside, in the appearance or the aspect of things external; as, a gay countenance, a gay dress, gay plumage, a gay scene. It combines the ideas of cheerfulness and showiness. As cheerfulness is unruffled, |