1631, on account of its being filled with gross typographical errors, among which the worst was the omission of the word not in the seventh commandment. The printers were fined 3001. and the impression of 1000 copies was ordered to be destroyed. The story is well known, but the book has been hitherto sought for in vain. The present copy is believed to be unique. It was recently purchased in Holland for 50 guineas, and is on its way to America.

H. Cooper, esq., by the hands of the Rev. J. D. Eyre, Sub-Dean of Salisbury, exhibited a knife and fork in a leathern case, recently found behind a panel in the house known as the Blue Boar in that city. Mr. Octavius Morgan exhibited a fine series of Episcopal Rings, partly from his own collection and partly from that of Mr. Edmund Waterton, F.S.A.

Dr. Romeo Elton, of Exeter, communicated a letter of the Protector Cromwell, dated Whitehall, 29 Jan. 1655, and ad dressed to the Justice of the Peace for Devonshire, on the care which should be exercised in selecting proper juries, during the circuit of the judges.

John M. Kemble, esq. communicated remarks on certain mortuary urns discovered at Stade on the Elbe, and at Eye in Suffolk, the latter of which have been engraved in Mr. Akerman's Remains of Pagan Saxondom, plates iv. and xxii. These he showed to be identically the same both in their configuration and ornament, as well as the implements often found with them, particularly the bone combs of triangular shape, pincetts, and small knives. From these circumstances Mr. Kemble is led to the conclusion that the urns found at Eye are those of a band of Slavonic adventurers from the Elbe, who united with the Northmen, and settled in East Anglia towards the end of the eighth century. These remarks were followed by a note addressed to the Secretary by Mr. Kemble, in which he called attention to the fact that certain urns discovered in the extensive cemetery at Little Wilbraham in Cambridgeshire, still more strikingly resembled some of those discovered at Stade, but expressing doubts of their being really of so late a period as the end of the eighth century, since some are found in graves exhibiting the contemporaneous practice of inhumation and cremation.

ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE.

May 4. The Hon. R. C. Neville, V.P. in the chair.

Sir James Ramsay, Bart., gave a short notice of the remarkable discovery of beads of porcelain, precisely similar to

those commonly found in Egypt, disinterred at a considerable depth in a bog in the forests of Alwythe, in Perthshire, on the estates of Sir James, who produced these curious relics for examination. The beads, seventeen in number, are melonshaped, and coated with the bright blue glaze frequently seen on Egyptian objects of this kind. There were also two black beads, such as occur also amongst Egyptian antiquities. Roman vestiges exist in the part of Perthshire where this discovery took place, and the supposition appears very probable that the beads are actually of Egyptian fabrication, brought to Scotland by some of the Roman legionaries.

The Rev. Charles Graves, D.D., of Trinity College, Dublin, who has devoted extensive researches to the subject of Oghams, the occult mode of writing anciently used by the Irish, delivered a very interesting discourse on the grave-slab curiously sculptured, and inscribed with Oghams on its edges, found in the Isle of Bressay, in Shetland. A notice of this curious stone, which was exhibited by Dr. Charlton in the museum of the Institute, at their meeting in Newcastle, in 1852, has been given in Notes and Queries, vol. xI. p. 285, as also in the last part of the Archæologia Eliana. Dr. Graves observed that the mode of inscribing the Oghams is unusual, since, although introduced on the edge of the slab, they are formed with a distinct medial line. In the majority of examples the angle of the stone serves as the medial line, across which the transverse and perpendicular strokes are cut. He had succeeded by aid of a cast, which Mr. Albert Way had presented to the collection of the Royal Irish Academy, in deciphering the Oghams which Dr. Charlton had noticed on the two edges of the Bressay slab. Dr. Graves proposes to read one of these inscriptions thus: BENRES MECCU DROI ANN-Benrhe, or the son of the Druid, lies here; and that on the other edge thus CROSC NAHDFDADS DATR ANN-The cross of Nordred's daughter is here placed. On each face of this curious memorial is sculptured an elaborately enriched cross, the design and work of which Dr. Graves considers to be thoroughly Irish, and he thinks it probable that the Oghams had been cut by an Irish ecclesiastic. The words present a mixture of the Irish and Icelandic languages. He pointed out the record of the early occupiers of Iceland, entitled, Islands Landnamabok, hoc est Liber Originum Islandiæ," in which it appears that a great Viking, named Naddod, was regarded as having discovered Iceland, about the middle of the ninth century. From this, and

other evidence, Dr. Graves had been led to the supposition that the Bressay crossslab commemorates the daughter of the discoverer of Iceland, and bears the name of his grandson, designated as Benrhe, by whom the memorial may have been erected.

Mr. Nelson, Secretary of the Institute of British Architects, communicated a singular discovery at St. Peter Mancroft church, Norwich, where, during recent restorations, a passage was found under the chancel floor; in the side walls were imbedded earthen jars, one of which was sent for examination. Their purpose is wholly unknown. A full account of the discovery was given by Mr. Tracy, the architect employed in the restorations of the church. Mr. Nelson stated that a similar discovery of earthen vases embedded in masonry had occurred at Fountains Abbey, at a spot where a screen appeared to have been constructed at the east end of the

nave.

Lord de Grey has sent one of these vases to London for examination, in general form resembling those found at Norwich. It appears that a similar discovery occurred in the chancel of St. Nicholas' church, Ipswich. In all these instances the jars were imbedded horizontally, at intervals of three or four feet, in a low wall, apparently the side-wall of a narrow passage constructed below the level of the chancel floor. Mr. Octavius Morgan, Mr. Tucker, and other members, offered some observations on the use of fictile vessels in ancient buildings, either for lightening vaultings, or for some acoustic purpose, in increasing or transmitting sound. The Circus of Romulus, son of Maxentius, at Rome, was cited as a remarkable example. None of these, however, appear analogous to the inexplicable arrangement of the vases at Fountains Abbey, and at Norwich, described by Mr. Nelson and Mr. Tracy.

A short memoir, by Mr. W. S. Walford, was read, in illustration of a document lately found amongst the Tower Records, and communicated by Mr. William Sanders. It is the petition of Walter the Marberer, of London, for payment for timber supplied for the Hales, made at the New Temple, where the king was made knight. Mr. Walford shewed that this expense must have been incurred in 1306, on the occasion when Edward I., preparatory to his last campaign in Scotland, knighted Prince Edward, with a large assemblage of young nobles and gentry. The petition of Walter was doubtless made to Edward II., the debt not having been discharged by the Templars, whose estates were taken into the king's hands in 1308, and transferred to the hospitallers in 1313. Mr. Octavius Morgan gave an account of the Roman mosaic pavement found at GENT. MAG. VOL. XLIV.

Caerwent in 1774, and now wholly destroyed; he produced an accurate representation, executed at the time of the discovery, and preserved at Tredegar. The remains were carefully protected by a building, but, unfortunately, the roof fell into decay, and the tesselated pavement, which measured 25 feet by 15, has perished. Mr. Morgan exhibited also a curious viatorium, or travelling dial, of the sixteenth century, furnished with a small weathercock, and indicating what the weather should be when the wind is in a certain quarter. Mr. Westwood produced a drawing of an inscribed Saxon broach in the British Museum, bearing the name of Ælfgyvu, which he observed occurs only, as he believed, on the Bayeux tapestry. It was found at Chatham, about 1814. Mr. Westwood brought also a representation of a sculptured cross, found at Sheffield, which he considered to be of the twelfth century. It is richly ornamented, and had been hollowed out and used as a blacksmith's trough. The Rev. Walter Sneyd exhibited a beautiful piece of open work, in horn, of the twelfth century, the ornament consisting of foliage, flowers, &c. It had probably enriched the binding of a book. Mr. Evelyn Shirley, M.P., brought for inspection the crosier of the abbots of Fore, co. Westmeath, of the singular form peculiar to the pastoral staff used by ecclesiastics in Ireland, in early times. It is of brass, and has been richly chased. It is the property of Richard Nugent, Esq., having descended to him from William Nugent, the last prior. Mr. Westwood laid before the meeting several drawings of similar Irish crosiers, one of which, of most elaborate workmanship, had been exhibited on a previous occasion, by the Duke of Devonshire. Mr. Nesbitt brought a rubbing from the incised slab at Carcassonne, the memorial of Simon de Montfort, fourth of the name, slain in 1217. He is represented of gigantic size, in armour of mail, with a surcoat powdered with crosses of Toulouse and lions. The slab may have been hastily provided, to cover the site of his interment, until a more worthy memorial could be prepared. Mr. Harrod brought a collection of rings for horse furniture, enamelled objects, and part of a bronze casket, found about a month previously, at West Hall, Suffolk, at a spot where Roman remains abound. These curious relics, which have since been purchased for the British Museum, resemble those found at Stanwick, presented to the national collection by the Duke of Northumberland. Mr. Minty brought a very perfect flanged roofing tile, from a Roman villa in Hampshire, and a singularly ornamented bronze celt, found at

M

Liss, near Petersfield. A fine and very massive stone axe-head, of porphyritic stone, found in Stanton Dale, Yorkshire, was exhibited, by Mr. Brackstone; and some Roman reliques, from Wiggonholt, by Mr. H. Latham.

BRITISH ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

May 23. Dr. John Lee, F.R.S. F.S.A. V.P. in the chair.

Mr. Gibbs exhibited a penny of Canute (1017-35), in fine preservation, discovered in Cornwall. Obverse Within an inner circle, profile bust of the king to the left, wearing the conical helmet, with a sceptre in front, surmounted with three balls like that on the coins of his predecessor Ethelred II., upon whose money the sceptre first appears. Legend: +CNVT RECX AN. Reverse: A voided cross, with an annulet in the centre, and one between each limb. Legend: LEOFPINE ON LEIC (Leicester). A mint was established at Leicester so early as the reign of Athelstan. Of the moneyers employed by Canute at this place there are extant coins struck by Elfsi, Gunlef, and the before-mentioned Leofwine. The latter name also occurs as a moneyer on the coins of Harold I. and II., not, however, upon any minted at Leicester, but upon those of Bristol, Norwich, and Thetford.

Mr. Gunston exhibited a decorative tile found in Shropshire, belonging to the close of the fourteenth century; the device a quatrefoil. Mr. Gunston also exhibited two early gold coins from Whaddon Chase, and silver pennies of Burgred king of Mercia, Athelstan, Eadred, Eadgar, Ethelred II., Canute, Edward the Confessor, and Harold.

Dr. Lee laid on the table six specimens of dark-coloured glass vessels, in fractured portions, found at Hartwell, Bucks. They displayed a beautifully iridescent appearance, produced by oxydation from interment in the ground. They belong to the early part of the seventeenth century, but whence obtained, being apparently portions of ill-formed manufacture thrown away as rubbish, no information could be obtained. There is no record of any glass manufactory having been in that neighbourhood.

Mr. Pettigrew exhibited impressions of two seals sent to him by the Very Rev. Dr. Husenbath, of Cossey. One of these

was found at Lincoln, and represents a priest saying mass. The legend reads

CREDE MICHI ET EST SATIS. It is of the fourteenth century. The other was found at Somerleyton, in Suffolk, last year. It is a monastic seal, but the legend is not legible. It was referred for further examination, together with the seals presented by Mr. Meyrick and Mr. Planché.

Mr. Meyrick and Mr. Syer Cuming presented specimens of Early English arrow heads found in London-one in Angel Court, Throgmorton Street, the other in Walbrook. Mr. Cuming read a short paper illustrative of those specimens, and a paper also on spectacles, exhibiting examples of various periods and countries, from his own collection and that of Mr. Whelan, of Herondon Hall, Kent.

The twelfth annual Congress was announced to be holden in the Isle of Wight in August, under the patronage of his Royal Highness the Prince Albert and the presidency of the Earl of Perth and Melfort.

OXFORD ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

June 6. Mr. H. A. Gibson, of Wadham College, read a paper on Bells. The subject he divided into three different parts, alluding to the history of bells, the mode in which they are founded, their inscriptions, and concluding with a few remarks upon their baptism or consecration. Their history he briefly traced from a very early period down to nearly the present time, while he investigated the origin of the Sancte bell, and other small bells which were in use during the earlier ages of the church. He next proceeded to explain the laborious and yet interesting process which the bell must undergo in order to reduce it to its present shape, and endeavoured to simplify this part of his subject by illustrations. Of the armorial bearings, tokens, and inscriptions found on bells, many and most curious specimens were adduced, most of them gathered from all parts of England. The rite or ceremony of consecrating bells was then noticed, an ordinance which he stated to have been established by Pope Clement VIII., about 1600, remarking at the same time that the same holy and supernatural powers were not now as formerly attributed to bells.

The Crimea.-Siege of Sebastopol. At half-past 2 o'clock on the 6th of June the bombardment was reopened with 157 guns and mortars on the side of the English, and above 300 on that of the French.

The fire was found to be extremely effective; shells continued to be thrown during the night, and the heavy guns reopened the next day. The English fire was mainly directed against the Redan, that of the French against the Malakhoff Tower, and the works on the hill called the Mamelon Vert or Kamschatka Redoubt in front of the Malakhoff.

About 6 o'clock in the evening of the 7th the head of the French attacking column was seen making its way towards the Mamelon, and at the same time a brigade commanded by Colonel Shirley, of the 88th, consisting of detachments from the Light and Second Divisions of the British army, rushed upon the Quarries in front of the Redan. Both the French on the Mamelon and our troops in the Quarries drove in the Russians rapidly and decisively, though the positions were hotly contested, and repeated attempts were made by the enemy to regain his lost ground. The Russians had a large body of troops in reserve behind the Mamelon, under cover of the guns of the Round Tower. These, however, were also driven back, and it seemed at one moment as if the Zouaves would force the Malakhoff intrenchments behind the work they had just carried. The advance in front of the Redan was not less impetuous and successful, and more than one of our men, overshooting the immediate object of the attack, fell within the abattis of the Redan itself. The troops in the Quarries were attacked no less than six times in the course of the night by superior forces of the enemy, but maintained their ground, and succeeded in permanently establishing themselves in these works, as did our allies in the Mamelon. At the same time the French took without difficulty the White Works on the east side of the Careening bay, which were afterwards occupied by two regiments of Turks.

The English loss on this occasion was 11 officers and 25 men killed; 30 officers and 433 men wounded.

The French loss in killed and wounded was estimated at 400.

73 guns and 502 prisoners were taken from the Russians.

On the 18th a combined attack was made by the allies on the Malakhoff and

Redan Towers without success. The particulars have not yet reached us, but the loss of the French is stated at 37 officers killed, 17 prisoners, 96 wounded, 1,544 men killed and missing, 1,644 wounded: that of the English at about 19 officers killed, 50 wounded, and 150 men killed, 1050 wounded.

Among the killed are General Sir John Campbell, Col. Yea, Col. Shadforth, and two French Generals.

The

The Sea of Azoff.-On the 22nd of May, a squadron consisting of eight English and four French steamers, and six screw gun-boats, carrying a land force of 16,305 troops, left the anchorage off Sebastopol, and on the 24th reached the spot at which it was proposed to disembark, near the village of Kazatch Bourou. water in the straits is so shallow that large ships cannot ascend higher than about three miles from this spot, but the steamers and vessels in which the whole of the British infantry and artillery were embarked, could get at least a mile nearer to it. All the vessels got as high up as the depth of water would permit, and came to an anchor about eleven, when the English and French troops began to get into the boats, and small steamers, which were assigned to them, towed them to the shore, and the gun-boats and smaller war-steamers were stationed to scour the beach, and protect the disembarkation. No opposition was made to the landing. Shortly after, several loud explosions were heard, and it was soon discovered that the enemy had blown up the magazines of all his batteries on Cape St. Paul, and was retiring by the road leading to Theodosia or Kaffa. In the course of the evening, several more loud explosions were heard, the Russians having blown up and abandoned the whole of their works along the coast between this point and Kertch, and spiked all the guns. They had also set fire to and destroyed some large corn magazines in Kertch, as well as two steamers in the harbour. The disembarkation of horses, guns, and materials went on during the whole night, and the whole force marched at six o'clock on the morning of the 25th towards Kertch, and passing through that town reached Yenikale by one o'clock, where they found a large squadron of small steamers and gun-boats, ready to proceed into the Sea of Azoff, under the command of Captain Lyons, of the Miranda, and Capt. de Sedaiges.

This squadron proceeded to Arabat, and, after bombarding the fort and storehouses at this place, proceeded to Genitchi, which was also bombarded. They then visited in succession the important grain depôts of Berdiansk, Marioupol, and Taganrog, destroying the shipping and Go. vernment stores. In the space of a few days 290 vessels, including several warsteamers and provisions for 100,000 men for four months, were destroyed. Soon after the appearance of the expedition at Kertch the fortress of Soudjak Kaleh was abandoned by the Russians, and, on the 5th of June, the garrison evacuated Anapa and withdrew across the Kouban. Russia no longer possesses a single fort on the eastern shores of the Black Sea.

The Baltic.-The allied fleets are lying before Cronstadt. During a reconnaissance on the 9th June, the Merlin and Firefly steamers struck upon some of Prof. Jacobi's infernal machines, which exploded, but did no damage beyond tearing off some of the copper, and breaking the crockery inside the ships.

Massacre at Hango.-On the morning of June 5, a boat left the Cossack steamer with Lieut. Geneste and 16 of the crew, including the surgeon and 3 stewards, and 7 Russian prisoners, in order to land the latter, who had been taken in various prizes. A flag of truce was hoisted when the boat was about two miles from the shore, and it was permitted to reach the landing-place without any Russians showing themselves, but upon the officers and prisoners landing, Lieut. Geneste carrying the flag of truce, a body of about 500 riflemen rushed from concealment and fired upon them and into the boat, although their attention had first been called to the flag of truce.

The officer in command is reported to have said (in English), that he did not care a d- for the flag of truce, and would show them how the Russians could fight.

During the night, one of the crew, a black named John Brown, who was wounded by three balls, and had been left for dead in the boat, succeeded in sculling her out to the ship. There were then three dead bodies in the boat, and Brown stated, that every one of the party (including the Russian prisoners) had been

killed except himself. A statement has since appeared in the St. Petersburg Journal, boasting of the affair as a successful skirmish, and stating that the loss of "the enemy was 5 killed-1 officer, 1 surgeon, 1 marine, and 8 sailors, prisoners; of the latter, 4 were wounded. The Russian account also states, that the boat was sunk.

France.-Orders have been received at Marseilles to prepare to embark an additional corps d'armée of 50,000 men. It is understood that a new loan of 30,000,000l. will be immediately raised. The legislative bodies have been summoned.

Austria.-The Conferences have been formally declared at an end, and Austria has made the non-acceptance of her last propositions by the Western Powers the pretext for declining to take any active part in the war. The state of her finances, her failure to obtain the support of the rest of Germany, and the refusal of the French Government (as it is reported) to promise assistance on her own territories in men, and of the English of a subsidy, have, no doubt, materially contributed to this resolution. The Austrian army is being reduced by 145,000 men and 30,000 horses. It is expected that a saving of 50 million florins will be made by the reduc tion.

Lord Clarendon has announced that, as the third base has been rejected, and as the responsibility of breaking off the negotiations does not rest with us, but with Russia, we consider ourselves entirely disengaged from those bases.

Hanover, May 20.-The King has issued an ordonnance annulling the Constitution as settled the 5th September, 1848, and also the Provincial Electoral Law of the 1st August, 1850. The popular rights are diminished to the measure of the Constitution framed by the late King Ernest Augustus. The ordonnance states that the measure has been taken in obedience to the decree of the Federal Diet of the 12th April, 1855, requiring the Governments of Germany to bring the State Constitutions more into harmony with the monarchial (aristocratic) principle. The King reserves the right of effecting further changes in the State Constitution.

Another great and long-threatened change in the metropolis has been accomplished by the removal of the Cattle Market from Smithfield to its new site in Copenhagen Fields, where seventy acres were purchased by the Corporation for

that purpose, and the works have been planned and erected by Mr. J. B. Bunning, the city architect. About half of the purchased land is actually occupied either by the market proper, or for purposes connected therewith. The market is an