called out of the queen's apartment on the pretence of some urgent business; and, his mouth being stopt, a rope was thrown round his neck, and he was instantly strangled. His body was let down into the garden, where the murderers, coming to bury it, found his nurse, a Hungarian woman, embracing the lifeless corpse, and trying to reanimate it. They retired; and the shocking catastrophe being made known in the town, a furious mob rose to take vengeance on the conspirators; and Joan herself was obliged to fly to Naples. The sequel of this tragedy will be related under her article. It happened in 1345, when Andrew was in his nineteenth year. Mod. Univers. Hist. Sacy, Hist. de Hongr.-A.

ANDREW, a Jew, an apostle of Christ, was born at Bethsaida, a town of Galilee, probably the same which is called by the geographer Ptolemy Betharamphtha, situated to the north of the lake Gennesareth, at the influx of the Jordan into that lake. He was the son of John, er Jonas, a fisherman of that town, and, with his brother Peter, followed that occupation. John Baptist, who had taught in this neighbour hood the doctrine of repentance, and had collected many followers, and who now began to introduce Jesus to the notice of the Jewish people as the Messiah, observing that Jesus was walking near, pointed him out to Andrew and Simon Peter, who were among the number of John's disciples, under the emblematic appellation of the Lamb of God, as the expected Saviour of Israel. Upon this they followed Jesus to his usual place of residence. Andrew appears to have been the first disciple of Christ; for he it was who first understood John's sacrifical allusion, and said to his brother, "We have found the Messiah." (Johni. 35-41.) These particulars, which are related by the apostle John, are omitted by the other evangelists, who agree in relating, that while Jesus was preaching near the lake Gennesareth, he saw Peter and Andrew fishing, and calling them to him, said, "Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men. (Matt. iv. 18-20. Mark i. 16-18.) Luke, omitting the name of Andrew, adds to the account a relation of a miraculous draught of fishes. (Luke v. 1-11.) Andrew was afterwards chosen by Christ as one of his twelve apostles. It is recorded by the evangelists, that in the house of Simon and Andrew (Ch. i. 29.) Simon's mother-in-law was miraculously cured of a fever; that, in the miraculous supply of five thousand with food, Andrew (John vi. 7.) informed Jesus of the

lad who had five barley loaves and two small fishes; that, a little before the crucifixion, when they were in Jerusalem, Andrew acquainted Jesus with the request of certain Greeks to see him (John xii. 20-22.); and lastly, that this apostle was one of four (Mark xiii. 3, 4.) who asked him privately when the temple would be destroyed. This is all that the evangelists relate concerning him: the rest of his history is involved in uncertainty. Eusebius relates (Hist. Ecc. lib. iii. c. 1.), that in the distribution which the apostles are said to have made of their mission for propagating Christianity, Andrew made choice of Scythia. But this account rests upon tradition, and is the less entitled to credit, as it mentions only four of the twelve apostles. Subsequent accounts of the travels and sufferings of this apostle are still less satisfactory. "The Acts of the Passion of St. Andrew" (apud Surii Sanct. Hist.), in which is related his martyrdom at Patræ in Achaia, though said to have been written by the priests of Achaia, are evidently spurious. The ancient ecclesiastical writers knew no other records of St. Andrew than those which were corrupted by the Manichees, mentioned by Philastrius (De Hæres. n. 40.) and Augustin (De Fide, cont. Manich.). This work is not mentioned till the seventh century; and its doctrines and language do not accord with those of the early ages. Some say that he was crucified on a cross of the form of the letter X, hence vulgarly called St. Andrew's cross; others, that he was crucified on an olive-tree (Petrus Chrysol. serm. 133.); but the whole story of his crucifixion depends upon doubtful testimony. Jerom says his body was removed with St. Luke's to Constantinople in 357. (Hieron. adv. Vigil. p. 22. Conf. Greg. Naz. orat. 25. Theod. in Ps. 116.) It is remarkable, that the later accounts of this apostle, by Gregory of Tours in the sixth century (De Glor. Martyr. lib. i. c. 31.), by Nicephorus of Constantinople in the ninth (Chronogr. p. 309.), and by Nicephorus Callistus in the fourteenth (Hist. Eccl. lib. ii. c. 39.) contain many particulars which appear to have been wholly unknown to more ancient writers: a strong presumption, that these later accounts are fabulous. Who will now listen to the ridiculous legend of Gregory, which tells of streams of oil flowing from the tomb of this saint on the anniversary of his martyrdom, and sometimes swelling to the middle of the church ?-E.

ANDREW, bishop of Crete, a native of Damascus, flourished in the seventh, and at

the beginning of the eighth century. He passed the early part of his life as a monk at Jerusalem, whence he is sometimes called Andrew of Jerusalem. He was invited by Theodoret, patriarch of Jerusalem, to attend the sixth general council of Constantinople, and afterwards copied the acts of that assembly against the Monothelites. (Combefis. Auct. Nov. tom. ii. Hist. Monothel. p. 235, &c.) He was appointed bishop of Crete, and probably remained in that see till his death, about the year 720. This prelate has left several homilies, and other pieces, more adapted to nourish superstition than to teach good morals, which were collected and published, in folio, by Francis Combefisius, at Paris, 1644. Fabric. Bibl. Græc. lib. v. c. 41. 2. Cav. Hist. Lit.-E.

ANDREW, or ANDREAS, JAMES, a German protestant minister, was born at Waibling, in the duchy of Wurtemberg, in the year 1582. His parents, who were poor, put him apprentice to the mechanical occupation of a carpenter; but he was taken from this employment by some wealthy friends, who observed his talents, and sent him to the university of Tubingen, where he distinguished himself in the study of philosophy and the languages, and where, afterwards, he was a professor. Devoting himself to the ministry, he became a zealous Lutheran. In order to settle the disputes which had arisen in the Lutheran churches, it was proposed, that a certain number of wise and moderate divines should be employed to draw up a form of doctrine, which, having obtained the sanction of the Lutheran princes and consistories, might become the common standard of faith. This measure was espoused by the dukes of Wurtemberg and Brunswick, and the elector of Saxony. Under their authority, James Andrew took the lead in this arduous undertaking; and he, with equal zeal and prudence, exerted himself to render the form universally acceptable. For this purpose, he travelled through different parts of Germany, and visited Denmark, negotiating alternately with courts and synods. The project, however, as must happen to every attempt to bind the fluctuating opinions of men by a written formulary, proved unsuccessful. He died in the year 1590. He wrote several works, of which the most celebrated is, "A Treatise on Concord," published in 4to. in the year 1582. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Mosheim, cent. xvi.-E.

ANDREW, or ANDREAS, JOHN, a celebrated Italian canonist of the fourteenth century, was born at Mugello, near Florence. He

was the illegitimate son of a priest, and was himself, in his youth, addicted to licentious pleasure. In the university of Bologna he received both instruction and pecuniary assistance from an eminent professor of the law, Gui de Baif; and through his interest he obtained a doctor's degree, and a professorship. He read lectures on canon law at Padua, at Pisa, and at Bologna. It is said that he had a daughter, named Novella, who was so well instructed in law, that she occasionally read lectures for her father, with a curtain drawn before her, that her beauty might not interrupt the attention of the scholars. Wonderful things are related concerning the austerities which he practised towards the latter part of his life: he mortified his body with fastings and prayers, and slept every night, for twenty years together, on the ground, wrapped in a bear's skin. After having been forty-five years professor of canon law, he died of the plague at Bologna, in the year 1348. He wrote a glossary on the sixth book of the Decretals, printed in folio at Mentz, in 1455, and at Venice in 1581; and "A Commentary on the Clementines," printed, in folio, in 1471, and at Lyons in 1575. He published enlargements of the "Speculum" of Durandus, in which he was an egregious plagiary; copying, without_acknowledgment, word for word, from the "Consilia" of Oldradus; on which account he is justly called, by Baldus, who detected the plagiarism," insignis alienorum fur," a notorious pilferer from other men's works: nevertheless he is styled, in his epitaph,

lished, in 4to. at Seville, in 1537, and has been translated from Spanish into other languages. A French translation, by Gui le Fevre de la Boderie, appeared in 1574. Bayle. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-E.

ANDREW, JOHN, secretary of the Vatican library, under the popes Paul and Sixtus IV. was employed, at the first introduction of printing into Rome, in revising manuscripts, writing prefaces and dedications, and correcting proofs. Cardinal de Cusa, formerly his school-fellow, gave him the bishopric of Accia in Corsica; and pope Paul II. afterwards appointed him to that of Aleria in the same island, where he died in the year 1493. The republic of letters is indebted to him for an edition of Livy, and of Aulus Gellius, printed at Rome, in folio, in 1469; of Herodotus in 1475; and of Strabo, printed at Venice, in folio, in 1472 he also edited the Epistles of Cyprian, and the works of S. Leo. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-E.

ANDREW, presbyter of Ratisbon, an historian of the fifteenth century, flourished under the emperor Sigismund. He wrote, in Latin, a "Chronicle of the Dukes of Bavaria," which was published at Amberg; also, “A History of Bohemia," in seven books. His writings were so much admired by his countrymen, that they called him a second Livy. Vossius, de Hist. Lat. lib. iii. c 5.-E.

ANDREW, bishop of Samosata, flourished in the fifth century. He was an intimate friend of Theodoret. About the year 429, he was appointed by John bishop of Antioch to refute, in the name of the eastern bishops, the "Anathematisms" of Cyril. At first he executed the task negligently, and with apparent reluctance; but afterwards, when Cyril virulently attacked his friend Theodoret, he entered with greater earnestness and warmth into the dispute. He refused to be present at the council of Ephesus, pretending illness; he, however, opposed the Nestorians with his utmost ability; and it was not till after many years that he ceased hostilities against Cyril. Large extracts from his first book against Cyril are found in Cyril's Apologetics for his Anathematisms,' against the objections of the eastern bishops, or the work of Andrew written under their sanction. Smaller fragments of his second book against Cyril are preserved by Anastasius the Sinaite in his "Hodegos." Eight letters of this writer remain in an ancient Latin version, in the collection of "Ephesian Epistles," published by Lupus. Cav. Hist. Lit. vol. i. p. 419. Fab. Bib. Gr. vol. x. p. 124. Dupin.-E.

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ANDREW, TOBIAS, a learned German, born at Braunfels in the county of Solms, was upwards of forty years professor of history and the Greek tongue at Groningen. He was a great admirer of the Cartesian philosophy, and gave private lectures upon it in his own house, even when age had much impaired his strength. Much honour is due to his memory for the zeal with which he appeared in support of Des Cartes, in a prosecution which he instituted against Martin Schookius, professor of philosophy at Groningen, for publicly accusing him of atheism. The result of the prosecution was, that the accuser acknowledged Des Cartes' innocence, but was himself acquitted; a decision which gave too much encouragement to defamation. Des Cartes' friend Andrew, after the death of that celebrated philosopher, wrote in defence of his system, against Revius a professor of Leyden, and other opponents. His "Methodi Cartesianæ Assertio,' was published in the year 1653. This professor died in 1676. Lives of Prof. of Groningen. Bayle.-E.

ANDREWS, LANCELOT, an English divine, who, in the reign of James I. and Charles I. was bishop of Winchester, was born at London in 1565. He was descended from a family of distinction in Suffolk. Having passed with credit through the grammar-school, he was admitted to a scholarship in Pembroke-hall, Cambridge. At college he studied diligently, and acquired a great reputation for his knowledge of theology, and for his skill and judgment in settling doubtful points of practical casuistry. The following anecdote may serve to illustrate this part of his character. A corpulent alderman of Cambridge, whose conscience troubled him for sleeping at church, and who had been several times publicly admonished by the preacher for this breach of decorum, but found himself incapable of overcoming his infirmity, came to Andrews for his spiritual advice. Andrews told him it was an ill habit of body and not of mind, and advised him on Sundays to make a sparing meal at dinner. The alderman did so, but still fell asleep, and was preached against. He came again, with tears in his eyes, to Andrews, who now advised him to make a hearty meal as usual, but to take out his full sleep before he went to church. The alderman followed his advice, and came to St. Mary's church, where the preacher was prepared with a sermon against sleeping at church, which was thrown away; for the good alderman looked at the preacher all sermon-time, and spoiled his design. (Aubrey's MSS. Notes in Seward's Anec

dotes, vol. iv. p. 341.) Andrews's lectures, as catechist of his college, were attended by a numerous auditory. His reputation for learning, his popular talents as a preacher, and his zeal for the protestant cause, procured him the patronage of Henry earl of Huntingdon, and of sir Franois Walsingham, secretary to queen Elisabeth; and he passed through several stages of preferment to the deanry of Westminster. He was one of the chaplains in ordinary to the queen, who took great delight in his preaching, and personally interested herself in his advancement. Though his residence was chiefly in London, where, for some years, as prebendary and residentiary of St. Paul's, he read divinity lectures in that cathedral three times a week during term-time; he continued his connection with his college, of which he was chosen master, and to which he was a liberal benefactor.

Andrews's style of preaching, which was pedantic and quaint, exactly suited the taste of James I. and he was a great favourite with that prince during the whole of his reign. He was called in to vindicate the king's sovereignty in all ecclesiastical affairs against the vehement attack of Bellarmine, who, in reply to James's "Defence of the Right of Kings," had written a tract under the fictitious name of "Matthew Tortus." This piece the dean refuted with great spirit in a Latin work, which appeared un-der the jingling title of "Tortura Torti" [or Tortus tortured], printed in 4to. by the king's printer in 1609. This service was so acceptable to the king, and the dean on other accounts stood so high in his esteem, that, in the same year, he was advanced to the see of Ely. He was appointed one of his majesty's privy counsellors, first in England, and afterwards in Scotland, whither he accompanied the king on his journey to that kingdom. Upon a vacancy in the bishopric of Winchester, he was, in 1618, translated to that see, where he remained till his death, which happened soon after the accession of Charles L. in the year 1626.

After making all due allowance for the style of panegyric in his epitaph, where he is called an infinite treasure and stupendous oracle of learning and science, and is said to have merited eternal admiration for his indefatigable industry, consummate wisdom, constant piety, profuse liberality, uncommon affability, and tried probity; we may believe, that this prelate was a man of eminent talents, acquirements and virtues. Bishop Buckeridge, in a sermon preached at his funeral, informs us, that he understood fifteen languages. From his

first biographer, Isaacson, we learn that he devoted a large portion of each day to devotion and study; that his learning, affability, and hospitality rendered him highly respected and admired not only by his countrymen but by learned foreigners who visited him, among whom are particularly mentioned Vossius, Grotius, Casaubon, Cluverius, Erpenius, and Dumoulin ; that in the distribution of preferment he was disinterested, impartial, and judicious; that he provided liberally for the descendants of his early instructors and benefactors; that, after he became bishop, he never visited either of the universities without leaving fifty or a hundred pounds to be distributed among poor scholars; that his charity to the poor kept pace with his advancement, his private alms alone, in the last six years, amounting to upwards of 1300l.; and that, dying unmarried, he left large legacies to charitable uses, and, among the rest, a great part of his estate to be distributed among his poor servants. That bishop Andrews was a faithful son, and able defender, of the church, may be gathered from an observation of lord Clarendon's: mentioning the death of archbishop Bancroft, he remarks, that "if he had been succeeded by bishop Andrews, or any man who understood and loved the church, that infection would easily have been kept out, which could not afterwards be so easily expelled. (Life of Waller, prefixed to his works.) Of the moderation of this prelate's political principles, as well as of the independence of his spirit, and his superiority to the base adulation which disgraced the court of James, the following anecdote is a memorable example. Mr. Waller, the poet, relates, that, going to see the king at dinner, he over-heard an extraordinary conversation between his majesty and two prelates, the bishop of Winchester, and Dr. Neale, bishop of Durham, who were standing behind the king's chair, His majesty asked the bishops, "My lords, cannot I take my subjects' money when I want it, without all this formality in parliament?" The bishop of Durham readily answered, "God forbid, sir, but you should; you are the breath of our nostrils." Whereupon the king turned, and said to the bishop of Winchester, " Well, my lord, what say you?" "Sir," replied the bishop, "I have no skill to judge of parliamentary cases." The king answered, "No putoffs, my lord, answer me presently:" "Then, sir," said he, "I think it lawful for you to take my brother Neale's money, for he offers it." -Milton thought bishop Andrews worthy to be celebrated by his pen, and, at seventeen,

wrote a Latin elegy on his death, full of that rich fancy which has immortalised his works.

Besides the work already mentioned, bishop Andrews was the author of "A Manual of private Devotions;" "A Manual of Directions for the Visitation of the Sick;" a volume of tracts, chiefly in Latin, consisting of sermons, theological dissertations on the ecclesiastical rights of princes, tythes, usury, &c. published in 4to. after his decease, in 1629; a posthumous volume of "Sermons," published, in folio, by the direction of the king, and under the inspection of the bishops of London and Ely; "The Moral Law explained, or Lectures on the Ten Commandments," with other Sermons, printed, in folio, in the year 1642; and." A. Collection of Posthumous and Orphan Lectures," delivered at St. Paul's, and St. Giles's, Cripplegate, church, printed, in folio, in 1657.

The sermons of bishop Andrews, however learned and pious, are not written in a style which can be read with pleasure in an age of correct taste: they afford many specimens of that pedantry and false wit, which so strongly mark ed the period in which he lived.. His other works are now forgotten. Isaacson's Life of Bishop Andrews, ap. Abel. Rediviv. Lond. 1633. Wood's Fasti Oxon. Biog. Brit. Granger's Bisg. Hist. James I. class 4.-E.

ANDRISCUS, called by the Romans Pseudophilippus, is said to have been a native of Adramyttium in the Troad, and descended from parents of the lowest condition. Sixteen years after the death of Perses, king of Macedon, he assumed the character of a natural son of Perses, under the name of Philip; and the account he gave of himself was, that his father, doubtful of the event of his war against the Romans, had sent him to Adramyttium to be brought up as a poor man's son, with a charge not to disclose the secret of his birth til he should be fourteen. With this story, rendered more plausible (it is said) by a striking likeness of Perses, he went to the court of Demetrius Soter, who had married a daughter of that king. Demetrius, either convinced of his imposture, or apprehensive of the displeasure of the Romans, delivered him up to the republic. At Rome he was committed to custody, but so slightly guarded, that he made his escape, and took refuge among the Thracians. The people of Macedon had now sufficiently experienced the Roman dominion to become discontented with it; and little attention was paid either to remedy their grievances, or to keep a force able to compel their submission. Andriscus, there

VOL. I.

fore, who had made an interest in Thrace, and collected a number of persons attached to his fortune, marched boldly into Macedon, and declared himself the rightful heir to the crown. His success was beyond his own expectation. He made himself master of all the country with little opposition, and began to carry his arms into the adjacent parts of Greece. The Romans, much surprised with this revolution, sent Scipio Nasica to keep the Greeks stedfast to their interest, and prevent the evil from spreading farther. Scipio, aided by a body of auxiliaries, checked the progress of Andriscus, and drove him back into Macedon. The prætor Juventius Thalna was then dispatched with a considerable army to put an end to the war. A contempt of his enemy led him to advance incautiously into Macedon, when he was suddenly attacked by Andriscus, his army_totally defeated, and himself slain, with Q. Cœlius, the second in command. By this success Andriscus, or Philip, was confirmed on his throne, and began to assume all the consequence of the undoubted sovereign of a powerful state. The Carthaginians, then about to be involved in the third Punic war, sent embassadors to congratulate him, and propose an alliance. But the character of this man was not equal to the trial of prosperity. He became a tyrant, and, by acts of oppression and cruelty, lost the affections of his new subjects, though they still obeyed him through hopes of establishing their independence. Mean time the Romans, roused to more serious exertions, sent Q. Cæcilius Metellus with a fresh army to Macedon. Andriscus collected all his force, and valiantly contended for his crown and life. He gained the advantage over Metellus in an engagement of cavalry; but soon afterwards was entirely defeated, and compelled again to retire into Thrace. The Thracians received him with great friendship, and sent him back with a numerous army; but engaging rashly with Metellus, he was again defeated, and his affairs quite ruined. Flying for refuge to Byzas, a petty prince of Thrace, he was by him delivered up to the Romans. Metellus led him in triumph (B. C. 147), and he was afterwards put to death by order of the senate. The war he excited was deemed so important, that the successful general obtained the title of Macedonicus at its conclusion; and it seems to have been left in some doubt whether he was an impostor, or really the son of a king. Univers. Hist.-A.

ANDROMACHE, the wife of Hector, was the daughter of Aetion, king of Thebes, in Cilicia. She lived in the happiest conjugal union

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