decree promised impunity to any one who would confess and inform, he acknowledged the crime, and escaped at the expence of the lives of those whom he accused. The style of his orations is plain and simple, almost entirely destitute of ornament. Four are extant, of which the two first are vindications of himself; the third is on the subject of peace with the Lacedemonians; the fourth, against Alcibiades, who had sent him into exile. They were first published, together with the orations of Antiphon, Eschines, Lysias, Isæus, Dinarchus, Lycurgus, Gorgias, and Lesbonax, by Aldus Manutius, in folio, at Rome, in 1513. A more correct and splendid folio edition of the Greek orators was presented to the public, in the year 1575, by Henry Stephens. The orations of Antiphon, Andocides, and Isæus, were published, in 8vo, with a Latin version, at Hanau, in 1619. Plut. Alcib. et Orat. Decem. Fabr. Bib. Græc. lib. ii. c. 26. § 3.-E. ANDRADA, DIEGO DE PAYVA D', in Latin Andradius, a learned Portuguese divine of the sixteenth century, was born at Coimbra, and distinguished himself in the university of that city. Sebastian, king of Portugal, sent him, as one of his divines, to the council of Trent, in 1562, to which he is said to have carried the understanding of a deep theologian, and the tongue of an eloquent orator. Besides the service which he rendered to the assembly in its public debates, he, during the session of the council, wrote a work, entitled "Orthodoxarum Explicationum Libri Decem," in answer to a smart attack upon the Jesuits by Chemnitius. This publication provoked a reply from Chemnitius, under the title of " Examen Concilii Tridentini." To this Andrada afterwards prepared at his leisure an elaborate rejoinder under the title of "Defensio Tridentina Fidei &c." [A Defence of the Catholic Faith of the Council of Trent, in five books, against the Calumnies of Heretics, and especially of Martin Kemnitz.] It was first published, in 4to, at Lisbon, in 1578, and afterwards, at Ingolstadt, in 8vo, in 1580. It is become very scarce; but the work of his antagonist, written against the Jesuits, is easily met with. Andrada also published seven volumes of sermons. He was a zealous champion for orthodoxy; yet had the candour to admit that the heathen philosophers might be saved. Palavic. Hist. Conc. Trid. Bayle.-E. ANDRADA, FRANCIS, historiographer to Philip III. king of Spain, was the brother of the divine, who is the subject of the preceding article. He wrote "The History of John III. king of Portugal." The work was written in the Portuguese language, and was published in 4to, at Lisbon, in 1533. Moreri. Nouv. Diet. Hist. — E. ANDREA DA PISA, a sculptor and architect, was born at Pisa in 1270. He excelled more in the former capacity than the latter, though he was sufficiently eminent in architecture to be entrusted with the construction of many considerable edifices. He built several castles in the Florentine territory; and is also said to have given the model of a church of a round form, called St. John, at Pistoia. It was in Florence itself, however, that the most esteemed of his buildings were to be seen, erected when the duke of Athens governed that city. He fortified the palace of that duke, and rendered it so extensive, that several spacious mansions were afterwards made out of it. He likewise surrounded Florence with magnificent towers and gates; on which account the right of citizenship was conferred upon him, with several important offices. At length, having, at the request of the duke of Athens, made a model of a citadel which he intended to erect in order to bridle the Florentines, they took the alarm, and expelled the duke; but Andrea did not participate in his disgrace. He passed the remainder of his days at Florence, cultivating the fine arts, of which he possessed painting, poetry, and music, as well as those more professional to him; and died in 1345, aged seventy-five. Some assert that he gave designs for the famous arsenal of Venice. Felibien. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A. ANDREA DEL SARTO, an eminent painter of the Florentine school, was born in 1488, in Florence, where his father exercised the trade of a taylor, which gave the son his name of del Sarto. He was taken from a goldsmith's shop by a painter, who kept him three years, after which he was put under the tuition of Pietro Cosimo, the first painter in Florence. Andrea soon surpassed his master, and acquired a high reputation; his humility, however, led him to fix so low a price on his works, that he always lived in mean circumstances. His professional character was that of an excellent artist, but not a man of genius. He worked with facility, drew well, coloured admirably, but was unable to give that grace and dignity to his figures which denote brilliant and elevated conception. His heads of the Virgin have a cast of uniformity, which is partly attributed to his having his thoughts occupied with his wife, of whom he was extremely fond and jealous. After painting long in his native city, he was led by the reputation of Michael Angelo and Raphael to visit Rome; and from the study of their works he improved his own style, so that the pieces he painted after his return are reckoned the best. Andrea was invited to France by Francis I. and executed several works there. The king, at his departure, entrusted him with a considerable sum to purchase pictures in Italy, with which he was soon to return. The poor painter, however, spent the money with his wife and friends at Florence, and never ventured to go back, but sent a few pictures to gain his pardon, which was granted, but with no new invitation. He continued to work diligently, when, at the siege of Florence, in 1530, he was carried off by the plague, in his forty-second year, abandoned by his wife, and almost without any assistance. The works of Andrea del Sarto are in great esteem in Italy, and especially at Florence, where are the principal of them, and which, during the fiercest civil broils, were carefully preserved, while palaces and churches were given to the flames. He copied Raphael's admirable portrait of Leo X. with such exactness, as to deceive Vasari, who had seen the original painted, and Julio Romano, who had himself executed the drapery. Several eminent painters were his disciples. D'Argenville, Vies des Peintres. A. ANDREAS, JOHN VALENTINE, a Luthe ran clergyman, born in the year 1586, was first dean of Vayhingen, afterwards superintendant at Calion, chaplain to Everhard III. duke of Wurtemberg, abbot of Bebenhausen, and lastly of Adelberg. He died on the twenty-seventh of June 1654. His principal works are "Mythologia Christiana;"" De Curiositatis Pernicie;"" De Restitutione Reipublicæ Christi in Germaniâ;" "Subsidia Rei Christianæ et Literariæ;" "Theophilus, sive de Religione Christianâ colendâ ;" Menippus prior et posterior;"" Peregrinus in Patriâ;" "Fama Andreana reflorescens," which contains the life of his grandfather; and various poems in honour of Augustus duke of Wolfenbuttle, which were inserted in a book, called " Selenalia Augustalia." Some consider John Valentine Andreas as the founder of the society known un 66 der the name of the Rosicrucians. Gen. Hist. Dict. by Luiscius.-J. ANDREAS, VALERIUS, a learned Brabanter, was born at the village of Desschel on the twenty-fifth of November 1588. He received the early part of his education at the place of his birth under Valerius Houtius, and afterwards studied the Greek language at Antwerp, under Andreas Schottus. John Hay, a Scots Jesuit, VOL. I. instructed him in the Hebrew, in which he made such proficiency that he was invited to Louvain. to be professor of that language. Afterwards he applied to the study of the law, and, in 1621, obtained the degree of doctor. In 1628 he was appointed professor of the Instituta, and, in 1368, librarian to the academy. His works are, "Orthographiæ Ratio, ab Aldo Manutio collecta, nunc multis aucta: cum Libello de Ratione interpungendi ac Distinct. Notis;" "De Initiis Collegii Buslidiani, deque Vitâ et Scriptis Professorum ejusdem Collegii ;" "De Linguæ Hebraicæ Laudibus, Antiquitate, Dignitate, Necessitate;" "Dissertatio de Togâ et Sago;" Topographia Belgica." The work, however, which acquired him most celebrity was his "Bibliotheca Belgica, de Belgis Vitâ Scriptisque claris;" first printed in the year 1623, and afterwards reprinted in 1643 with considerable additions. Gen. Hist. Dict. by Luiscius.-J. 66 ANDREE, JOHN GERHARD REINHARD, an apothecary at Hanover, was born on the seventeenth of December 1724. Having lost his father, who was of the same profession, at an early age; his mother, who had no other children but one daughter, gave him a good education, and placed him under the best masters, that he might be instructed in the languages and the sciences. He learned pharmacy in the shop of his father, which was conducted by Ruge, afterwards apothecary to the court at Zell; and, in the year 1744, visited Berlin, where he attended lectures on chemistry, anatomy, botany, and natural history. The year following he made a tour to Dresden; and, after inspecting the mines in various parts of Saxony, he proceeded through Leipzig, Halle, the Hartz, and Cassel, to Frankfort, where he resided till the spring of 1746. In compliance with the advice of a friend he was desirous of studying metallurgy and chemistry at Blankenburg under the celebrated Cramer; but this mineralogist being engaged in other occupations, advised him to go to Leyden, and attend the lectures of Gaubius. He proceeded therefore to the university of that city, and studied chemistry under Gaubius, botany under Royen, and natural philosophy under Muschenbroek. In 1747 he went over to England, and returned the same year to Hanover enriched with much useful knowledge. On his return to Hanover, he took upon him the direction of his father's business, to which he entirely succeeded on the death of his mother, in 1751, and soon distinguished himself by his skill and diligence. He wrote many useful papers in the Hanoverian Magazine, and other periodical works, which pro 2 M cured him esteem from the public, and the confidence of government, In the year 1763 he made a tour to Swisserland, which he seems to have surveyed with the eye of an accurate observer, as appears by his letters from that country, first printed in the Hanoverian Magazine, and afterwards published, in 1776, in a quarto volume with engravings. In the year. 1765 he was charged by government to examine the principal kinds of earth and marl in the electorate, and to publish, for the use of farmers, an easy and comprehensive introduction to the knowledge of them, and the purposes to which they might be applied in the cultivation of land. This work, the most complete and useful that has yet been written on the subject, appeared in 1769, under the title of "A Treatise on various Kinds of Earth in his Britannic Majesty's German Dominions, &c. and their Uses in Agriculture." In the month of December 1791, he was attacked by a disorder which terminated in an inflammation of the urethra. This malady was at first removed by the assistance of Dr. Zimmermann, and other medical friends; but having caught cold, it returned with more violence, and, after long suffering, he died on the first of May 1793. Andrea's writings and his excellent collection of natural history procured him an extensive acquaintance at home as well as abroad, and admission into many learned societies. In the course of his travels he formed an intimacy with various men of science; and among his respectable friends with whom he carried on an epistolary correspondence, may be mentioned, professors Baldinger, Beckmann, Butner, Murray, and Michaelis, at Göttingen; Berger, physician to his Danish majesty; the duke de Chaulnes, at Paris; Dr. Franklin, Solomon Gesner, Gmelin, Gaubius, Lavater, De Luc, Schäffer, at Ratisbon; Scopoli, Zimmermann, and Dr. Shaw, at London. Schlichte groll's Necrology. — J. ANDREE, YVES-MARY, a French Jesuit, was born in 1675, at Chateaulin, in the county of Cornouailles. He occupied the chair of professor royal of mathematics at Caen, from the year 1726 to the year 1759, when he was eighty-four years of age: after four years' repose, he finished his laborious life in 1764. Nature had given him a good constitution, and he preserved it by temperance and chearfulness. He taught mathematics with reputation, and was no stranger to other branches of learning. He wrote elegant verses, but is chiefly known by "An Essay on the Beautiful," written in French, of which a new edition was given in a collection of his works, published, in three vo lumes 12mo, in 1766. The subject is treated with great perspicuity of method, strength of argument, and dignity of style. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-E. ANDREINI, ISABELLA, a native of Padua, flourished in the close of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth century, as one of the most celebrated actresses in Italy. She was handsome, played and sung well, and had an excellent talent for poetry; so that she was the object of universal admiration. The academy of Intenti in Pavia thought themselves honoured by enrolling her in their society. She was much esteemed by cardinal Cinthio Aldobrandini, nephew of pope Clement VIII. who wrote many verses in her praise. She visited France, where she was received very favourably by the king and queen and principal persons of the court, in honour of whom she composed several sonnets. She died of a miscarriage in 1604, in the forty-second year of her age, at Lyons, where she was buried with great marks of distinction. Her husband, in an epitaph, bears an equal testimony to her morals and her talents. A great variety of elegiac verses written on the occasion, in Latin and Italian, are prefixed to an edition of her poems at Milan in 1605. These consist of sonnets, madrigals, songs, and eclogues, and a pastoral, entitled "Mirtilla." Some letters of hers were also published at Venice in 1610. Besides her other qualifications, she had some acquaintance with philosophy, and understood the French and Spanish languages. Bayle. Tiraboschi. Her husband, FRANCIS ANDREINI, was a player, and famous for rhodomontade parts. After his wife's death he left the stage, and became an author, in a similar style with his acting. Their son, JOHN BAPTIST ANDREINI, was an actor, and also a copious dramatic writer, but of little value. A piece of his, called,. "Adamo," has been an object of curiosity, as supposed to have afforded a hint to Milton in the composition of Paradise Lost. Some account of this piece, and translations from it, are annexed to " Hayley's Life of Milton."— A. ANDRELINI, PUBLIO FAUSTO, a modern Latin poet, was born at Forli, in Italy, about the middle of the fifteenth century. He devoted himself to poetry from his youth, and with such success, that having composed and published his four books "De Amoribus," they were received with so much applause, that the author, then only twenty-two, was solemnly crowned at Rome by the Roman Academy. At that city he became known to Ludovico Gonzaga, duke of Mantua, who took him back with him in 1484, and gave him the title of his own poet. In 1488 he went into France with a recommendation from Gonzaga to the dauphin; and the next year he was appointed public professor of belles-lettres in Paris, which office he held for thirty years. Besides his public lectures, he gave instructions in private; and he joined to rhetoric and poetry the explanation of the sphere. He was much honoured by the kings Charles VIII. Lewis XII. and Francis I. who gave him considerable appointments. He was also pensioned by queen Anne, of Bretagne, whence he made use of the whimsical designation of Poëta regius ac regineus. By many of his contemporaries he was celebrated as the first poet of the age, and the great civiliser of France in respect to literature. Erasmus, however, who praised him when alive, different idea both of his talents and morals, afgave a very ter his death. He charges Andrelini with great licentiousness and turbulence of manners, affirms that he was continually quarrelling with his brother professors, and wonders that his audacious sarcasms against the theologians of Paris could be endured. Notwithstanding these defects, he continued to live in high esteem as a professor and writer till the time of his death, which happened at Paris in February 1518: and his memory was honoured by the learned with elegies, inscriptions, &c. Andrelini's great faculty was to pour forth with uncommon facility sonorous verses, composed of elevated and pompous expressions, but extremely void of meaning; so that Vossius compares his poetry to a river of words with a drop of sense; and even this drop is contested by Erasmus. Yet they were enough admired in France to meet with commentators and translators. As they are now sunk in oblivion, it will not be necessary to copy the titles of them from Baillet and Mazzuchelli. Most of them have been inserted in the first volume of the "Delicia Poëtar. Ital." They chiefly consist of elegies, eclogues, and panegyrical pieces on various occasions. Andrelini also wrote moral and proverbial epistles in prose. Baillet. Tiraboschi. Moreri.-- A. ANDREW I. king of Hungary, was a prince of the blood-royal, cousin of St. Stephen, and eldest son of Ladislaus the Bald. With his brothers Bela and Leventha, he was obliged, at the restoration of king Peter, A. D. 1044, to take refuge in Russia. The discontented Hungarians of the old stock, who were till idolaters, kept a correspondence with these exiles, and promised to kill Peter, and drive out cond son of Bela III. He raised a revolt against 1 the most faithful supporters of the throne. On the death of his nephew Ladislaus, in 1204, Andrew succeeded by general consent of the states. He had governed in peace twelve years, when, the pope preaching up a new crusade, Andrew took the cross, and was constituted the chief of the expedition. He proceeded to Constantinople, where he soon heard of a tragical event that had taken place at home. Bancban, a palatin, to whom he had confided the government during his absence, had a very beautiful wife, of whom the queen's brother, the count of Moravia, became enamoured. The lady proving impregnable to solicitations, the queen infamously assisted her brother in a scheme for obtaining his desires by force. On the discovery of its success, the injured husband, unable to revenge himself on the ravisher, who had fled, stabbed the queen, and, coming out with his bloody sword into the street, justified the deed. He then proceeded to Constantinople to submit the case to the judgment of the king. Andrew had a sufficient sense of honour and justice to acquit him, and send him back to govern the country. Bancban's family, however, was in the end ruined by the resentment of the king's sons. Meantime Andrew proceeded to Syria, and displayed his courage in some conflicts with the Saracens; but, becoming weary of the expedition, after a short stay he declared his intention of returning home, which he put in execution, notwithstanding the patriarch of Jerusalem menaced him with excommunication. Agreeing to leave half his troops under the command of the duke of Austria, he set out on board of a Venetian fleet, enriched by some precious relics, and the title of the Hierosolymitan; and, paying a visit at Este, fell in love with and married the daughter of the prince, whom he brought home. He employed the remainder of his reign chiefly in healing the discontents of his subjects, and establishing a system of legislation. Like most of the sovereigns who engaged in the crusades, he was obliged to strip the crown of part of its authority, and raise that of the nobles. He was the author of a famous decree, confirming and augmenting the privileges of the nobility, and permitting them to take up arms in their defence, should he or his successors attempt to abridge thein-a stipulation, nugatory against a powerful monarch; and which has answered no other purpose, than to render the aristocracy factious, and the mass of the people slaves! Towards the end of his reign, the Tartars made some successful inroads into Hungary. Andrew died in 1235, and left his crown to his eldest son Bela, to whom he had already resigned the sovereign power. Mod. Univers. Hist Sacy, Hist. de Hongrie.-A. ANDREW III. king of Hungary, called the Venetian, was the grandson of Andrew II. and son of prince Stephen, by a Venetian lady. He was called to the throne by the Hun. garians on the death of Ladislaus in 1290; and, taking his way from Italy, where he then was, through Austria, he was detained by Albert, the duke, till he promised to espouse Agnes his daughter; a promise which he afterwards fulfilled, though he had protested against its validity, and was supported by his nation. He went to war, however, with Albert, and laid waste almost all Austria, till at length a peace was made by the intercession of the prelates. Meantime a party in Hungary, supported by many nobles and ecclesiastics, acknowledged for their king Charles, named Martel, son of the king of Sicily, by a sister of Ladislaus. The youth had been crowned at Naples, and was favoured by the pope, who pretended to dispose of the crown of Hungary as a fief of the holy see. Charles obtained a footing in the kingdom; and the two competitors, with their partisans, kept Hungary in a divided state, till they both died in the same year, 1301. Andrew closed his life at Buda without male issue, and in him the line of St. Stephen terminated. Univers. Hist. Sacy, Hist. de Hongrie.-A. ANDREW OF HUNGARY, called by the Italians Andreasso, king of Naples, was second son of Charles II. or Charobert, king of Hungary. He was early destined for the husband of his relation Joan queen of Naples, and, at six years of age, was sent over to that court in order to receive a suitable education among his future people. Mild and docile, but heavy and gross, he was unfortunately the object of contempt and aversion to his spouse; and, though she could not refuse the marriage, she was resolved to exclude him from all share of the sovereign power. Their differences were augmented by two persons who governed them; Robert, a Franciscan monk, the favourite of Andrew; and the famous Catanese, once a washerwoman, the confidante of Joan. Lewis prince of Tarentum, a kinsman of Joan, was also much in her good graces; and many of the Neapolitan nobles were jealous of the expected influence of the Hungarians in their country. Preparations were made for the solemn consecration of the king and queen, and they were lodged together in a convent at Aversa; when, one night as Andrew was going to bed, he was |