descended from the ancient kings of Leon. He studied in canon law at Toulouse, and taking orders, became almoner to Alfonso XI. king of Castile, and gradually rose to the primacy of Spain. He rendered great services to his prince in his wars with Alboazen, a Moorish king, and procured him large sums of money from the pope and king of France. At the accession of Peter the Cruel, whom he had offended by free remonstrances against his irregularities, he was obliged to take refuge at the court of pope Cleat the court of pope Clement VI. then at Avignon, by whom he was created cardinal. On this promotion he resigned his archbishopric, saying," that it as little became him to keep a spouse whom he could not serve, as it did king Peter to forsake his queen for a mistress." Pope Innocent VI. sent him to Italy as his legate, where he brought all the revolted states to submission to the holy see. ReReturning to the succeeding pope Urban V. his holiness demanded an account of the expenditure of the great sums he had received for his Italian expedition. The cardinal caused a carriage to be brought under the palace window, laden with locks and keys; and desiring the pope to look out, "There (said he) is my account of the money. I have made you master of all the towns, the keys and locks of which you see in that carriage." The pontiff embraced him, and warmly expressed his obligations. Albornos then retired to Viterbo, where he spent the remainder of his days in acts of piety. He died in 1367, and was interred at Toledo. He was the founder of the magnificent Spanish college at Bologna. Moreri.-A.

ALBUCASIS, properly ABUL CASEM CALAF EBN'OL ABBAS, the principal Arabian writer on surgery, lived, as is commonly supposed, about the end of the eleventh century, though Freind places him a century or two later. Very little is known of him except from his works. He appears to have been a man of much experience as well as reading, and to have revived in his day the art of surgery, which had sunk into neglect. He describes a great number of chirurgical operations, and gives figures of the

instruments used in them. Some of these are very daring; and he also made great use of the cautery; whence it may be concluded that the art of surgery was very severe at that time. He was acquainted with the operation of lithotomy by the smaller apparatus, as it is called; and he has many observations, which show a considerable extent of knowledge. A compendium of medical practice, under the name of " Alsaharavius," is shown by Freind to be by the same author. The chirurgical works of Albucasis have

VOL. I

been several times printed, and were reckoned standard authority for some ages. Freind's Hist. of Phys. Halleri Biblioth.-A.

ALBUMAZAR, or ALBUASSAR, was a celebrated Arabian philosopher, astrologer, and physician of the ninth or tenth century. He is mentioned by several writers as one of the most learned astronomers of his age. He wrote a work, chiefly astrological, published at Venice, in 8vo. in 1506, under the title, "De Magnis Conjunctionibus, Annorum Revolutionibus, ac eorum Perfectionibus:" He also wrote "Introductio ad Astronomiam," printed in 1489. It is reported that he observed a comet in his time above the orbit of Venus. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Hutton's Math. Dict.-E.

ALBUQUERQUE, ALPHONSO DE, surnamed the Great, was one of the most illustrious characters his country ever produced. He was of a Lisbon family, which derived its origin from natural children of the Portuguese crown, but he was himself born at Melinda in Africa, in 1452. He accompanied his uncle (or, as some call him, cousin) don Francisco d'Albuquerque, when commander in chief in the East Indies, and distinguished himself by his courage and good conduct. On a subsequent visit to those countries, he excited by his reputation the jealousy of the viceroy Almeyda to such a degree, that he was confined by him for a time in the citadel of Cananor. The pretext was mi management in an attempt upon Ormuz. He was, however, liberated by the arrival of the marshal of Portugal, with an order from king Emanuel, appointing him general and commander in chief of the Portuguese forces in the East Indies.

His first attempt, after assuming the command, was, at the instance of the marshal, to reduce Calicut; but in this he was repulsed with loss, himself receiving much injury from a stone, and the marshal being killed. He next undertook an expedition against Goa, then belonging to the king of the Decan, and carried the place by storm, being assisted by a fleet and army of the king of Onor. Into this city he made a triumphal entry in Feb. 1510; and he settled its government with all the care so important a conquest deserved. After he quitted it, however, it was retaken; and it cost a long war finally to secure it. Goa has ever since been the chief seat of the Portuguese government in the East Indies.

In 1511 he sailed with a powerful fleet to Malacca, where he demanded some Portuguese prisoners taken by the king. Receiving an equivocal answer, he set fire to the place; upon which the prisoners were delivered. But as the

S

real design of Albuquerque was to conquer Ma lacca, he took care to disagree with the king on the terms of pacification, and in consequence made a serious attack upon it with all his force, and carrying it, gave it up to be pillaged by his soldiers, who obtained immense wealth there. Such was European justice! He remained about a year in Malacca, receiving the friendly embassies of the neighbouring Indian princes, and securing his conquest; and then sailed for the coast of Malabar, in which passage great part of his fleet was destroyed by a storm. Thence proceeding to Goa, he composed all differences that had happened in his absence; and by his prudence and good conduct, inspired all the country powers with such respect and confidence in him, that the Zamorin sent to desire a peace, and to offer the liberty of building a fort at Calicut; and many other princes declared their readiness to submit to such terms as he should please to dictate. A squadron which he had detached from Malacca reduced the Molucca islands; and various other advantages were gained in those parts by his lieutenants.

The thirst after glory still stimulated him to deserve further of his king and country, and he resolved to obtain possession of Ormuz, where he had before been foiled. He appeared suddenly before it with his fleet, and, partly by force, partly by artifice, obtained full possession of that wealthy seat of commerce. Here he received an embassy from the shah of Persia, on which occasion he conducted himself with so much address, as to lay the foundation of a solid friendship with that potent monarch, whom he meant to unite with the Portuguese in acting against the Turks. For the purpose of injuring this last nation, and aggrandising his own country, he had formed two grand and daring projects. One was to destroy the trade of Alexandria into the east by way of the Red Sea, and indeed to ruin all Egypt, by inducing the emperor of Abyssi nia to divert the channel of the Nile into the sea before it reaches Egypt. The other was, to transport a body of horse to Arabia, in order to plunder Mahomet's tomb at Mecca, and thereby put an end to the religious and commercial pilgrimages to that place. But these mighty designs were cut short by the death of Albuquerque, which happened soon after his return to Goa, after a short illness, in his sixty-third year, Dec. 16, 1515.

Beside the qualities of a consummate general and able politician, Albuquerque possessed those of a truly great, and, in many respects, a good man. Though not scrupulous, as has been seen, in the means by which he put his country

in po session of the rightful property of the natives, he governed them, when subjected, with great justice and benevolence, and made himself enemies among his countrymen by repressing their insolences and exactions. Many years after his death, the poor Indians testified his me rits towards them by going to his tomb to demand justice against their oppressors. With his countrymen he lived in a plain and familiar manner, adhering, in his private mode of living, to the ancient frugality of his country, treating all his officers as his children, with whom he had every thing in common, discouraging all flattery, and so careless of his own fortune, as to die poor amidst all his opportunities for accumulation. On public occasions, he affected all the magnificence of the representative of a great king; and, in levying the dues of the crown, he was rigid and exact. He maintained strict discipline, both civil and military, and punished wilful offences with severity; so that it is not to be wondered at, that persons were found who misrepresented his conduct in. such a manner to his sovereign, that he was in disgrace at home, while so famous and successful abroad. The news of the appointment of a successor reached him while on his, death-bed, which drew from him a pathetic complaint, ending with, "To the grave, unhappy old man! it is time thou wert there-to the grave!" He wrote a short letter to the king in favour of his son, a natural child. It concluded, “I say nothing of the Indies; they will speak for themselves and for me." His son, who lived to attain some of the highest posts in the kingdom of Portugal, published memoirs of his father's actions, printed at Lisbon in 1576. Mod. Univers.. Hist. Moreri.-A.

ALBUQUERQUE COELHO, EDWARD, marquis of Basto, count of Fernambuco in Brazil, and gentleman of the chamber to Philip IV. king of Portugal, was distinguished by his valour in the Portuguese army against the Dutch at Bahia. He wrote a "Journal of the War," beginning from the year 1630, which was printed in 4to. at Madrid in 1654. He died at Madrid in 1658. Moreri.— Ě.

ALBUTIUS, SILUS, who was born at Novara, was, in the reign of Augustus, an orator of some distinction in Rome. He had left his. native place, where he was ædile, in consequence of an insult which he had received in the execution of his office: some persons, against whom he had passed sentence, having been so enraged, that they seized his person, and dragged him by the feet from the tribunal. At Rome he formed a friendship with the orator Muna❤

tius Plancus, a disciple of Cicero, but at length became his rival. In attempting to plead causes at the bar, he brought himself into discredit by too free a use of rhetorical figures. In his old age he returned to Novara, where, being troubled with an asthma, he grew weary of life, and, after a public harangue, in which he justified his determination, he starved himself to death. Sueton. de clar. Rhetor. c. 6. Quintil. lib. ix. c. 2. Bayle.-E.

ALBUTIUS, TITUS, a Roman philosopher, flourished about one hundred and twenty years before Christ. He is ranked by Cicero among the Epicureans. (De Nat. Deor. lib. i. c. 33.) Having been educated at Athens, he acquired such a fondness for Grecian manners, that he chose rather to pass for a Greek than a Roman. Scævola, when prætor at Athens, to ridicule this folly, saluted him in Greek. Cicero (De Finibus, lib. i. c. 3.) quotes some lines from a satire of Lucilius, in which Scævola is humourously introduced as thus addressing Albutius:

-Græce ergo prætor Athenis,

Id quod maluisti, te, cum ad me accedi', saluto.
Xaige, inquam, Tite; lictores, turma omni', cohorsque,
Xarge. Hinc hostis Muti Albutius, hinc inimicus.

When, Titus, as you wish'd your friends to speak,
At Athens I saluted you in Greek,
When" Chairè, Titus," was my compliment,
And "Chaire, Titus," through the circle went,
'Twas then my sad misfortune to offend,

And by a harmless jest to lose my friend.

Scævola, while he thus amused himself at the expense of his friend, exemplified the remark of Horace,

dummodo risum

Excutiat sibi, non hic cuiquam parcit amico.

SAT. 4. lib. i.

. It is probable that Scævola often repeated this kind of provoking raillery: for, according to Cicero, (De Orat. lib. iii. c. 43.) Lucilius introduces him as jesting upon Albutius's style, which he compares to inlaid or mosaic work.

Quam lepide lexeis composter, ut tesserula omnes
Arte pavimento, atque emblemate vermiculato.

How neatly are his polish'd words inlaid!
Not nicer skill the artist has display'd,
Whose patient hand, on smooth mosaic ground,
Figures that live, and speak, has strew'd around.

Albutius was appointed proprætor of Sardinia, and, while he was in that office, celebrated a kind of triumph in his province. The vanity and arrogance of this measure was pu

nished by the senate, who refused him a "supplicatio," or public thanksgiving to the gods in honour of his exploits. On his return from Sar dinia, he was accused before the senate of corruption and peculation in his office, and was sentenced to exile. He withdrew to Athens, where he devoted the remainder of his days to the study of philosophy. Albutius appears to have possessed some talents for oratory, and to have been minutely attentive to the niceties of language: but we find nothing in his character which entitles him to respect as a statesman, or as a philosopher. He appears, in short, to have been an affected and finical trifler, on whom Cicero deservedly bestowed the sarcastic appellation of "Græcus homo." (Cic. in Bruto.) Bayle.-E.

ALCEUS, a famous Greek lyric poet, of Mitylene in the isle of Lesbos, flourished in the forty-fourth Olympiad, about B. C. 600, and was contemporary with Sappho. He is by some accounted the inventor of lyric poetry, as seems to be implied by Horace, in (Ode xxxii. lib. 1.) unless it means only that he invented the barbiton, or harp. He was a strenuous assertor of the liberty of his country against Pittacus, who usurped the dominion; and he took up arms in its defence; though with little success, for he himself acknowledges that he left them behind him in his flight from a battle in which the Lesbians were defeated by the Athenians. Pittacus made him prisoner, but dismissed him unhurt. He was however exiled, and appears to have been at the head of a party who were expelled Whether he preon a change of government. vailed in the end, or whether he was at length put to death by Pittacus, appears uncertain. From some hints in Horace, we may conclude that he became a corsair.

The subjects of his lyrics, as we learn from lian as grave and political; but he seems chiefly Horace, were as well amatory and bacchanato have been characterised by the last. Thus and he contrasts his verses with those of SapHorace calls his muse minax, or the threatening; pho, in some fine lines which give the most distinct idea now to be had of the merits of this illustrious bard.

Et te sonantem plenius aureo,
Alcee, plectro, dura navis,

Dura fugæ mala, dura belli. Utrumque sacro digna silentio Mirantur umbræ dicere: sed magis Pugnas et exactos tyrannos Densum humeris bibit aure vulgus.

Op. 13. lib, ii.

Alcaus strikes the golden strings, And seas, and war, and exile sings:

Only some small fragments of his poems are now extant. A lyric measure, the "Alcaïc," is denominated from him. Vossius, Poet. Græc. Bayle.-A.

ALCASAR, LEWIS, a learned theologian, was born at Seville in the year 1554. He en tered, with large possessions, among the Jesuits. He taught philosophy and divinity at Corduba and Seville. His studies seem to have been almost wholly devoted to the arduous task of unfolding the mysteries of the Book of Revelation. He is said to have employed nearly twenty years in preparing a work upon this subject, entitled, "Vestigatio arcani Sensûs in Apocalypsi." [An Investigation of the hidden Meaning of the Apocalypse] It was first printed at Antwerp in 1604, and afterwards reprinted at the same place in 1611, and 1614, and at Lyons in 1616. It has been thought one of the best performances on this difficult subject among the Roman catholics; yet one of his encomiasts, who speaks of it as an ingenious and elaborate work, adds, "Sharp and strong as his arrow may be, who will answer for him that he has hit the mark?" It has been intimated that Grotius borrowed many ideas from this work. In conti: nuation of his inquiries, he wrote a commentary on such parts of the Old Testament as he judged to have any relation to the Apocalypse. The whole work, including an appendix "On sacred Weights and Measures," and another, "On bad Physicians," forms two volumes in folio. Alcasar died at Seville in the year 1613., His "Key to the Apocalypse" has been examined by Heidegger, in his "Mysterium Babylonis magnæ." Bayle.-E.

ALCHABITIUS, an Arabian astrologer, the date of whose life is not known, wrote an introduction to the knowledge of the celestial influences, entitled, "Isagoge ad Magisterium Judiciorum Astrorum;" "A Treatise on the Conjunction of the Planets;" and another "On Optics." His astrological works were printed at Venice in 1491, with explanations, by John of Seville; and, in 1521, with the corrections of Antony de Fantis. Bayle.-E.

ALCIATI, ANDREW, of Milan, an eminent civilian, was born in the year 1492. Having studied the civil law under Jason, in the university of Pavia, and under Ruini in that of Bologna, and taken his degree as doctor, he entered

upon the practice of his profession at Milan in: 1517. His early reputation for knowledge of the law procured him an invitation from the university of Avignon to the professorship of civil law and it appears from letters of Alciati, published at Utrecht, that he entered upon this professorship in the year 1518, when he was only twenty-six years of age. His salary in that year amounted to five hundred crowns, and he had seven hundred auditors: two years. afterwards his salary was increased to six hundred crowns, and he had upwards of eight hundred auditors, among whom were some prelates, abbots, and counts. A contagious distemper having brought debts upon the city of Avignon, which occasioned a failure in the punctual pay- ment of his stipend, he, in 1522, withdrew in. displeasure from that place, and returned to Milan, where he exercised his profession at the bar. That Alciati was incited to this removal by a sordid love of wealth, may be inferred from the mean expedient which he made use of to obtain an advance of his salary during his residence at Avignon. From his own letters it appears, that when he had been there about two years, he employed one of his friends to obtain for him an invitation from Bologna or Padua, not with an intention of accepting the offer, but in hopes of increasing his income in his present situation.. "Not that I would remove," says he, in a letter to a friend, "to either of these academies, but because the people of Avignon, when they find that I am solicited by others, will be afraid lest I should leave them, and will augment my sti pend." We shall immediately see him playing, off the same artifice in another situation.

The king of France, Francis I. having been informed of the high reputation with which Alciati had filled the professorial chair at Avignon, invited him, in 1529, to Bourges, as a proper person to promote the study of the civil law in that university. After the first year,. either from his great popularity, or, more probably, by some mean expedient, his salary, at first six hundred crowns, was doubled. His inconstant humour, or rather his avaricious temper, would not suffer him to remain long in any situation. At the expiration of five years, in 1533, he received from Francis Sforza, duke of Milan, an invitation to return to his native country, accompanied with a promise of a large salary, and senatorial honours.. There can be little doubt that this offer was stimulated by the crafty management of Alciati. In a Latin letter of Bembo to Alciati, July 15th, 1532, he. importunes him to come and take possession of the professorship, which the republic of Venice,