pus provisionum praedictarum. Item retractamus et cassamus illud statutum factum quod regnum Angliae de cetero per indigenas gubernetur, necnon ut exirent alienigenae non reversuri, exceptis illis quorum moram fideles regni communiter acceptarent; ordinantes per dictum nostrum quod liceat alienigenis morari in dicto regno secure; et quod rex possit alienigenas et indigenas vocare secure ad consilium suum, quos sibi viderit utiles et fideles, sicut facere poterat ante tempus praedictum. Item dicimus et ordinamus, quod dictus rex plenam potestatem et liberum regimen habeat in regno suo et ejus pertinentiis, et sit in eo statu et in ea plenaria potestate in omnibus et per omnia sicut erat ante tempus praedictum.

Nolumus autem nec intendimus per praesentem ordinationem derogare in aliquo regiis privilegiis, cartis, libertatibus, statutis, et laudabilibus consuetudinibus regni Angliae, quae erant ante tempus provisionum ipsarum. Ordinamus etiam quod idem rex praedictis baronibus indulgeat et remittat omnem rancorem quem habet adversus eos occasione praemissorum, et similiter barones eidem ; et quod unus alterum, occasione praemissorum de quibus in nos exstitit compromissum, per se vel per alium de cetero non gravet in aliquo vel offendat. Hanc autem ordinationem nostram seu dictum nostrum protulimus Ambianis, in crastino beati Vincentii Martyris, A.D. MoCCLXoIIIo, mense Januario. In cujus rei testimonium praesentibus litteris nostrum apponi fecimus sigillum. Actum anno, mense, die et loco praedictis. (Foedera, i. pp. 433, 434.)

A.D. 1264. DOCUMENTS CONNECTED WITH SIMON DE
MONTFORT'S ADMINISTRATION.

The surrender of the king and his son immediately after the battle of Lewes placed the supreme authority in the hands of the Earl of Leicester. The text of the Mise of Lewes, which contained the terms of the surrender, is not preserved, but it is known to have included an agreement for a second arbitration as to all controversies between the king and his adversaries. Until this award should be given, it was necessary that some system of administration should be devised; the royal castles were immediately entrusted to adherents of the barons; and on the 4th of June writs were issued in the king's name, appointing guardians

of the peace in each county, and summoning four knights from each to treat with the king in parliament on the 22nd of the same month. (No. I.) The parliament assembled and approved a scheme of government, which was to hold good until the Mise of Lewes was executed, by which the supreme power was placed in the hands of the king, with the assistance of nine counsellors, of whom three were to be in constant attendance upon him. This body was to be nominated by three primary electors. (No. II.) The three electors were the Bishop of Chichester and the Earls of Leicester and Gloucester.

On the 6th of July the whole force of the country was summoned to London for the 3rd of August, to resist the army which was coming from France under the queen and her son Edmund. The invading fleet was prevented by the weather from sailing until too late in the season. Early in September, Henry of Almain, son of King Richard, was sent to lay the terms of arbitration before the King of France. The papal legate, Guy Foulquois, who soon after became Clement IV, threatened the barons with excommunication, but the bull containing the sentence was taken by the men of Dover as soon as it arrived, and was thrown into the sea. On the 14th of December the Earl of Leicester, in Henry's name, summoned the famous parliament of 1265, to meet at Westminster on the 20th of January. (No. III.) To this were invited a small number of barons, a very large body of ecclesiastics, two knights from each shire, and two burghers from each town. This is often regarded as the origin of popular representation;' but it is not in any sense entitled to this praise. The novelty was simply the assembling the representatives of the towns in conjunction with those of the counties this was now done for the first time for the purpose of the national council; but we have seen that for all purposes of local self-government it had long been usual, and that the idea of the National Council was rapidly becoming that of the concentration of the local machinery. The really popular representation was that of the shires rather than that of the boroughs, and this, which in its essence was of immemorial antiquity, had long been incorporated in the parliamentary constitution. The

credit of making both the popular elements necessary to the complete parliament belongs to Edward I.

On the 10th of March, in the parliament thus summoned, Edward subscribed the peace of June, 1264; and on the 20th the Earl of Leicester was put in possession of the earldom of Chester and other estates, by the surrender of which Edward obtained the terms of reconciliation. He was kept, however, still under strict surveillance. His escape on the 28th of May, and the quarrel of the Earls of Gloucester and Leicester, threw new life into the royal party. Earl Simon fell at Evesham on the 4th of August. But the elements of opposition were unquenched. After a long siege, Henry III, in November 1266, admitted the rebels (who were at Kenilworth) to surrender. During the siege the Dictum de Kenilworth (No. VI.) was drawn up for the general pacification of the kingdom; and in July, 1267, the last of the king's enemies who were left in arms, in Ely, were admitted by Edward to the benefits of that agreement. The parliament of Marlborough, November 1267, re-enacted most of the legal reforms included in the Provisions of the Barons. Immediately after this Edward prepared to join the Crusade. He left England in May, 1269; and Henry retained undisturbed possession of the royal authority until his death, November 16, 1272.

No. I. A.D. 1264. Writ for Conservation of the Peace and Summons to Parliament.

REX Adae de Novo mercato, salutem. Cum jam, sedata turbatione nuper habita in regno nostro, pax inter nos et barones nostros, Divina cooperante gratia, ordinata sit et firmata; ac ad pacem illam per totum regnum nostrum inviolabiliter observandam, de consilio et assensu baronum nostrorum provisum sit, quod in singulis comitatibus nostris per Angliam, ad tuitionem et securitatem partium illarum, custodes pacis nostrae constituantur donec per nos et barones nostros de statu regni nostri aliter fuerit ordinatum; cumque nos, de vestra fidelitate simul et industria fiduciam gerentes, vos de consilio dictorum baronum nostrorum custodem nostrum assignaverimus in comitatu Lincolniae quamdiu nobis placuerit; vobis mandamus, in fide qua nobis

tenemini firmiter injungentes, quatenus custodiae pacis nostrae ibidem et hiis quae ad conservationem pacis nostrae pertinent, diligenter intendatis, ut praedictum est; firmiter et publice per totum comitatum praedictum inhibentes, ex parte nostra, ne quis sub poena exhaeredationis et periculo vitae et membrorum super aliquem currat nec aliquem depraedetur, nec homicidia vel incendia, roberias, toltas, seu alia hujusmodi perpetret enormia, nec cuiquam damnum aliquod inferat contra pacem nostram; nec etiam de cetero arma portet in regno nostro, sine licentia nostra et mandato nostro speciali; et si quos hujusmodi malefactores et pacis nostrae perturbatores, vel etiam, ut praedictum est, arma portantes, inveneritis, eos sine dilatione arestari et salvo custodiri faciatis donec aliud inde praeceperimus. Et ad hoc si necesse fuerit, totum posse dicti comitatus cum toto posse comitatuum adjacentium, vobiscum assumatis, custodibus ipsorum comitatuum ad consimilia cum opus fuerit, viriliter auxiliantes. Et si forte ipsos malefactores evadere contingat, quod nulla ratione vellemus, tunc de nominibus eorum nobis constare faciatis, ut quod justum fuerit de ipsis fieri faciamus. Et quia instanti parliamento nostro, de negotiis nostris et regni nostri, cum praelatis, magnatibus et aliis fidelibus nostris tractare necessario nos oportebit, vobis mandamus quatenus quatuor de legalioribus et discretioribus militibus dicti comitatus, per assensum ejusdem comitatus ad hoc electos, ad nos pro toto comitatu illo mittatis, ita quod sint ad nos Londoniis in octavis instantis festi Sanctae Trinitatis ad ultimum, nobiscum tractaturi de negotiis praedictis; vos autem in hiis omnibus exsequendis tam fideliter et diligenter vos habeatis, ne per negligentiam vestri ad vos et vestra graviter capere debeamus. Teste Rege apud Sanctum Paulum Londoniis, quarto die Junii.—(Foedera, i. 442.)

No. II. A.D. 1264. Form of Peace determined on in
the Parliament.

HAEC est forma pacis a domino rege et domino Edwardo filio suo, praelatis et proceribus omnibus et communitate toto regni Angliae, communiter et concorditer approbata; videlicet, quod quaedam ordinatio facta in parliamento Londoniis habito circa festum Nativitatis beati Johannis Baptistae proximo praeteritum, pro pace regni conservanda quousque pax inter dictum dominum regem et barones apud Leues, per formam cujusdam misae praelocuta compleretur, duratura omnibus diebus praedicti domini regis, et etiam temporibus domini Edwardi postquam in

regem fuerit assumptus, usque ad terminum quem ex nunc duxerit moderandum, firma maneat, stabilis et inconcussa; dicta autem ordinatio talis est.

Forma regiminis domini regis et regni.

Ad reformationem status regni Angliae eligantur et nominentur tres discreti et fideles de regno, qui habeant auctoritatem et potestatem a domino rege eligendi seu nominandi, vice domini regis, consiliarios novem; tres ad minus alternatim seu vicissim semper sint in curia praesentes; et dominus rex per consilium eorundem novem, ordinet et disponat de custodia castrorum et omnibus aliis regni negotiis: praeficiat etiam dominus rex per consilium praedictorum novem, justitiarium, cancellarium, thesaurarium, et alios officiales majores et minores, in hiis quae spectant ad regimen curiae et regni. Jurabunt autem primi electores sive nominatores quod secundum conscientiam suam eligent vel nominabunt consiliarios quos credent honori Dei et ecclesiae, domino regi et regno, utiles et fideles. Consiliarii quoque ac omnes officiales, majores et minores, in sua creatione jurabunt quod officia sua pro posse suo, ad honorem Dei et ecclesiae et ad utilitatem domini regis et regni, absque munere, praeter esculenta et poculenta quae communiter in mensis praesentari solent, fideliter exsequentur. Quod si praedicti consiliarii vel aliqui seu aliquis eorum, in administratione sibi commissa, male versati vel versatus fuerint aut fuerit, seu ex alia causa mutandi fuerint, dominus rex per consilium priorum trium electorum seu nominatorum quos amovendos viderit, amoveat, et loco eorum, per eosdem, alios fideles et idoneos subroget et substituat. Si autem officiales majores vel minores, in officiis suis male versentur, dominus rex per consilium praedictorum novem ipsos amoveat et alios sine dilatione per consilium praedictorum, loco eorum, substituat. Quod si primi tres electores seu nominatores in electione vel nominatione consiliariorum, aut forte consiliarii in creatione officialium, vel aliis negotiis domini regis et regni gerendis seu disponendis, discordes fuerint, quod a duabus partibus concorditer factum fuerit vel ordinatum firmiter observetur; dummodo de illis duabus partibus, unus sit praelatus ecclesiae in negotiis ecclesiam contingentibus. Et si contingat duas partes dictorum novem in aliquo negotio non esse concordes, de discordia illa stabitur ordinationi primorum trium electorum vel nominatorum aut majoris partis eorundem. Et si videatur communitati praelatorum et baronum concorditer expedire, quod aliqui vel aliquis, loco aliquorum aut alicujus