- CHAP. VI. with Robert. Attack of Normandy.- Conquest of Normandy. Continuation of the Quarrel with An- selm the Primate. Compromise with him. -Wars State of Europe of France. First Acts of Henry's Government.- Disputes between the Civil and Eccle- siastical Powers.-Thomas à Becket Archbishop of Canterbury. Quarrel between the King and Becket. Constitutions of Clarendon. Banishment of State of Ireland.. CHAP. IX. - - The Conquest of that Island. table Administration. - Richard. Death and Character of Henry. Mis- THE The Britons. Romans. Saxons.-The Heptarchy. The Kingdom of Kent - of Northumberland— of East Anglia —of Mercia of Mercia of Essex-of Sussex The BRITONS. T'of cucurring into the exploits and adventures HE curiosity, entertained by all civilized nations, CHAP. of their ancestors, commonly excites a regret that the history of remote ages should always be so much involved in obscurity, uncertainty, and contradiction. Ingenious men, possessed of leisure, are apt to push their researches beyond the period in which literary monuments are framed or preserved; without reflecting, that the history of past events is immediately lost or disfigured when entrusted to memory and oral tradition, and that the adventures of barbarous nations, even if they were recorded, could afford little or no entertainment to men born in a more cultivated age. The convulsions of a civilized state I. I. CHAP. state usually compose the most instructive and most interesting part of its history; but the sudden, violent, and unprepared revolutions incident to barbarians, are so much guided by caprice and terminate so often in cruelty, that they disgust us by the uniformity of their appearance; and it is rather fortunate for letters that they are buried in silence and oblivion. The only certain means by which nations can indulge their curiosity in researches concerning their remote origin, is to consider the language, manners, and customs of their ancestors, and to compare them with those of the neighbouring nations. The fables which are commonly employed to supply the place of true history, ought entirely to be disregarded; or if any exception be admitted to this general rule, it can only be in favour of the ancient Grecian fictions, which are so celebrated and so agreeable, that they will ever be the objects of the attention of mankind. Neglecting, therefore, all traditions, or rather tales, concerning the more early history of Britain, we shall only consider the state of the inhabitants as it appeared to the Romans on their invasion of this country: We shall briefly run over the events which attended the conquest made by that empire, as belonging more to Roman than British story: We shall hasten through the obscure and uninteresting period of Saxon Annals: And shall reserve a more full narration for those times when the truth is both so well ascertained and so complete as to promise entertainment and instruction to the reader. ALL ancient writers agree in representing the first inhabitants of Britain as a tribe of the Gauls or Celta, who peopled that island from the neighbouring continent. Their language was the same, their manners, their government, their superstition; va ried only by those small differences, which time or a communication with the bordering nations must necessarily introduce. The inhabitants of Gaul, especially II I. 3 especially in those parts which lie contiguous to CHAP. Italy, had acquired, from a commerce with their southern neighbours, some refinement in the arts, which gradually diffused themselves northwards, and spread but a very faint light over this island, The Greek and Roman navigators or merchants (for there were scarcely any other travellers in those ages) brought back the most shocking accounts of the ferocity of the people, which they magnified, as usual, in order to excite the admiration of their countrymen. The south-east parts, however, of Britain, had already, before the age of Cæsar, made the first and most requisite step towards a civil settle. ment; and the Britons, by tillage and agriculture, had there increased to a great multitude. The other inhabitants of the island still maintained themselves by pasture: They were clothed with skins of beasts: They dwelt in huts, which they reared in the forests and marshes, with which the country was covered: They shifted easily their habitation, when actuated either by the hopes of plunder, or the fear of an enemy: The convenience of feeding their cattle was even a sufficient motive for removing their seats: And as they were ignorant of all the refinements of life, their wants and their possessions were equally scanty and limited. THE Britons were divided into many small nations or tribes; and being a military people, whose sole property was their arms and their cattle, it was impossible, after they had acquired a relish for liberty, for their princes or chieftains to establish any despotic authority over them. Their governments, though monarchical, were free, as well as those of all the Celtic nations; and the common people seem even to have enjoyed more liberty among them, than among the nations of Gaul, from whom they were descended. Each state was divided into Diod. Sic. lib. 4. Mela, lib. 3. cap. 6. Dion. Cassius, lib. 75. a Cæsar, lib. 4. Strabo, lib. 4. B 2 d Cæsar, lib. 6, factions |