LESSON IX.

PRONOUNS.- —COMPOUND PERSONAL, RELATIVE, ETC.

1. The word self is often added to the personal pronoung, my, thy, him, her, it, our, your, them, making an emphatic compound: thus, myself, &c., ourselves, &c. These compound pronouns are used in only two cases- -the nominative and objective.

2. Relative Pronouns are words that stand for and relate to some person or thing previously mentioned, or to some preceding phrase, which is called an Antecedent. The relative pronouns perform the office of a conjunction, in connecting clauses or sentences. They are who, which, that, what.

Who is applied only to persons; which, to mere animals and things; that, to persons or things. Who is applied to things when these are personified. What is equivalent to that which, or those which. What and that are used only in the nominative and objective cases. Who and which are the same in singular and plural. Their cases stand thus:

What is applied to things, and is used only when the antecedent is omitted; as, "He saw what he desired," that is, "He saw the thing which he desired."

That is a relative, when in place of it who, which, or whom may be used. It is an adjective pronoun when it defines or limits a noun; as, "That book is excellent." It is a demonstrative pronoun when it is not relative, but points out the object to which it refers. It is a conjunction when it merely connects sentences; as "He studies that he may learn."

The antecedent is not always expressed; as, "Who worship God are the objects of his favor;" that is, "They who worship," &c "Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth;" that is, “Him whom the Lord," &c., or, "Those whom the Lord," &c.

3. The Compound Relative Pronouns are whoever, whichever, whatever, whosoever, whichsoever, whatsoever. These have the same construction as what.

4. Who, which, and what, when employed in asking questions, take the name of Interrogative Nouns.

Who is applied to persons, which and what to persons and things.

Who applies to the name inquired for, which to the individual, what to profession, occupation, character; as, Who wrote the "Paradise Lost?" which Milton was it? what was his character?

EXERCISES.

1. Supply the pronouns that are omitted in the following

sentences.

shall I say? To did he direct his speech? crosses the bridge must pay toll. You know not

will not ask

street, in you? Did he find

I am.

I

you are. Tell me in town you live, in house. I found I sought.

horse?

- sins will be punished.

This is the horse

son are

He
is a beautiful dress
I know

labors hard will succeed.

know

ran away. is wanted. I love

loves me.

you wear.

book is yours. I

seek me early

By skill was

would become rich, must

2. Supply antecedents.

who steals my purse, steals trash.

does harm.

who was hurt, has recovered.

3. Correct the pronouns here used.

who does no good,

The boy which brought the mail, has gone. Have you seen the bouse what I bought? Where is the man which inquired for me?

Who man was it? The cow who leaped the fence. Which was his character? There were three dogs whom he drove away. Who of these have I treated badly? He treated she badly. This is the man as I saw. This is the woman as is not to be surpassed. 4. Substitute the compound relative instead of the antecedent and relative here used.

Any person who transgresses the law, commits sic. Any thing that gives pain to other beings should be avoided. He who is simple, let him turn hither. To every one you meet give friendly salutation.

5. Supply the relative.

There is nothing places religion in so disadvantageous a view. It has been remarked, there is nothing discovers the true temper of a person so much as his letters. There is Miss Liddy, can

dance a jig, write a good hand, &c.

In common discourse, or familiar writing, the relative may often be omitted, where in solemn or dignified discourse, it should be used; as, "This is the man I spoke of;" "this is the road he travelled." Is there a God to swear by? Is there none to believe in? Is there none to trust to ?

Supply the relative in the sentences just quoted.

6. As pronouns and nouns that depend on the same verb or preposition, should be in the same case, that is, in the objective, correct the following sentences wherein this principle is violated.

Let you and I go and walk.
Between you and I, he is a

He came to teach my sister and I. Put up those gloves for Clara and I. great villain. Letters have just been received for you and I. Let you and I endeavor to improve.

7. Correct the wrong case of the pronoun in the following examples.

Who do you depend on for protection? The person whom you expected would perform the work, has not appeared. He whom

they intend shall execute it. You would find three or four in the parlor after dinner, whom (you would say) passed their time agreeably. Who servest thou under? He whom you pretend reigns in heaven.

8. Correct the pronouns in the following passages, so that there shall be no inconsistency in Number and Gender.

Be as troublesome as you please, I shall never own that thou art an evil. The Simiæ cannot easily walk upright, because its foot rests on the outer edge, &c. The wicked are suffered to flourish, till the sum of his iniquities is full. Yet you, my Creator, detest me, thy creature, to whom thou art bound, &c. His design was to render Athens a maritime city, in which he followed a very different system of politics from their former governors. Egypt was glad at their departure, for they were afraid of them.

LESSON X.

ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS, OR PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.

1. These are pronouns which perform the office of limiting, or qualifying, or designating nouns.

2. When they point out objects definitely, they are called demonstrative: they are this and that in the singular; these and those in the plural. This and these refer to nearer objects; that and those to more remote.

3. When pronouns represent objects taken separately, they are called distributive: they are each, every, either, neither.

4. When they denote objects indefinitely, they are called indefinite; as, one, both, any, none, all, such, whole, other, another, few, many, much, several.

One and other are used also as nouns in both singular and plural, being declined, One, one's, one; ones, ones', ones: Other, other's, other; others, others', others.

It re

"Here

Another is used only in the singular, in the three cases. fers to one of many, the other refers to one of two; as, are five apples, take this one, or another;" "Here are two apples, take this one or the other."

It is sometimes used indefinitely; as, It seems it suited him. So in the phrases, "It rains," "it snows," &c., it stands for the producing cause of these events, or to external nature.

Aught is often erroneously written ought.

Either refers only to one of two things, and not to one of more than two things.

Neither, in like manner, refers only to two things.

No one, none, may be used in relation to more than two objects. Each is connected with a singular and not with a plural pronoun—that is, with he, him, her, she, it; not with they, them; as, "Each had his place appointed, each his course." "Each man dreamed his dream;" not their dream.

Every, like each, is also distributive, and must be used in the

same manner.

The above distributive pronouns require the verbs of which they are subjects to be in the singular number; as, "Each man has

his share."

Either is sometimes wrongly used in place of each. The former means one of two, while each signifies both distributively; as, "Place them on either side," means on one or the other indifferently, not on both sides; but "Place them on each side," means on both sides.

The distributive every is sometimes improperly used for any. The former means all, one by one; any means one out of all, the particular one not being denoted.

None, being a contraction of no one, should not be employed to express plurality, or as equivalent to no ones.

All, which is a collective adjective, is sometimes improperly used for every, which is distributive, and applies to individuals.

EXERCISES.

Correct the following sentences in accordance with the observations in this Lesson:

Six men attacked him, but neither of them were identified.