EXERCISES. 1. Change the following compound sentences into simple sentences: 1. He had no weapons, nor was violence offered. 2. Bonaparte was a professed Catholic, yet he imprisoned the Pope. 3. Righteousness exalteth a nation; but sin is a reproach to any people. 4. Wisdom or folly governs us. 5. He will be there as well as you. 6. I did, indeed, welcome him to my house; but I found him unworthy of my kindness. 7. Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. 8. Be industrious, otherwise you will come to want. 9. Hasten to reform, else you will be ruined. 10. John is as learned as James. 11. Either James or John will be there. 12. The mercury has sunk because the weather is cold. 13. The weather is cold, for the mercury has sunk. 14. Wine makes him sick, on that account he drinks water. 15. He intends to teach, therefore is learning French. 2. Compose compound sentences by uniting the following simple sentences, supplying connectives that may be wanted: 1. The tillers of the ground live in the open air. The tillers of the ground use exercises which expand the chest. The tillers of the ground use exercises which brace the nerves. The tillers of the ground use exercises which brace the muscles. The tillers of the ground acquire an uncommon degree of hardiness. The tillers of the ground acquire an uncommon degree of vigor of body. The tillers of the ground, by the intensity of their toils, lose that jantiness of limbs which the savage retains even to old age. The tillers of the ground, by the intensity of their toils, lose that ease of motion which the savage, &c. The tillers, &c., toils, lose that nimbleness of gait which the savage, &c. 2. Goldsmith informs us. Two men lived directly opposite to one another. Two men lived in the same street. Two men had a quarrel together. Two men had a quarrel on account of the one having informed against the other. The one had informed against the other for not paying the duties on his liquors. The aggrieved party taught his parrot to repeat the ninth commandment. The aggrieved party placed the cage at the front of his house. The informer, on the opposite side of the street, stepped out of his own door. The informer heard from the parrot the admonition: "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor." LESSON XLIV. SENTENCES.—DECLARATIVE, CONDITIONAL, INTERROGATIVE, IMPERATIVE, EXCLAMATORY. A Declarative Sentence is one that affirms or declares a fact or truth, either affirmatively or negatively; as, The sun shines. He and she were both there. I will not go. A Conditional Sentence is one that expresses a fact or truth conditionally, or as a supposition merely; as, If thine enemy hunger, feed him. Were I in your place, I would go. An Interrogative Sentence bears the form of a question. The object of it is either to ask for information, or to assert a fact with the greater positiveness; as, Will you go? Canst thou by searching find out God? An Imperative Sentence expresses a command, an entreaty, a wish, or an exhortation; as, Be calm. Attend ye. May you be happy. Be ye angry, and sin not. An Exclamatory Sentence expresses emotion; as, How brightly the sun shines! How abject is the condition of a miser! What a genius Shakspeare had! EXERCISE. Convert some declarative sentences into those which are subsequently named and described; thus: Declarative.-John Howard was a benevolent man. Conditional.-If John Howard was a benevolent man, he demands our high respect. Interrogative.-Was John Howard a benevolent man? Exclamatory.-How benevolent a man was John Howard! Examples for Practice. 1. Meekness gives smooth answers to rough questions. 2. Whatever is worth doing at all, is worth doing well. 3. Whatever he did, he did with all his might. 4. The battle of life, in by far the greater number of cases, must necessarily be fought up hill. LESSON XLV. AGREEMENT AND CORRESPONDENCE AMONG THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE. 1. Correct the want of correspondence between the verbs joined in the following: Did he not tell me his fault, and entreated me to forgive him?-To be moderate in our views, and proceeding temperately in the pursuit of them, is the best way to insure success.-By forming themselves on fantastic models, and ready to vie with one another in the reigning follies, the young begin with being ridiculous, and often ended with being vicious and immoral. 2. Correct the defective correspondence in the words used to connect the parts of the following: He has too much sense and prudence, than to become a dupe to such artifices.-The resolution was not the less fixed, that the secret was as yet communicated to very few.-The senator gained nothing further by his speech, but only to be commended for his eloquence.-He has little more of the scholar besides his name.-They were no sooner risen but they applied themselves to study. From no other institution besides the admira ble one of juries, could so great a benefit be expected.-Those savage people seemed to have no other standard on which to form themselves, except what chances to be fashionable and popular. 3. Correct the defective connection of parts in the fol lowing: A few alterations, and some additions to the house, would make it comvrtable. The first proposal was essentially different, and inferior to the econd. He is more bold and active, but not so wise and studions as his · om anions.-There is no talent so useful, or which puts men more out of CORRESPONDENCE AMONG PARTS OF A SENTENCE. 127 the reach of accidents, than discretion.-The intentions of some of the philosophers, nay, of many, might, and probably were good.-The reward is his due; it has already, or will hereafter be given to him.-Sincerity is as valuable, and even more valuable, than knowledge.-No person was ever so perplexed, or sustained the mortifications, as he has done to-day.—These arts have enlightened, and will enlighten, every person who shall attentively study them. 4. Correct the defective correspondence in the following: Never was a man so little accustomed to adversity; nor was ever a man that better sustained it.-It is not when fortune smiles that the heart is tried, but at the time she frowns.—Kindness and being forbearing, are the means of making and preserving friends.-How a seed grows up into a tree, and the way the mind acts upon the body, are mysteries we cannot fathom.-We should often recollect what the wisest men have said and written, concerning human happiness and vanity.-By temperance, a man may preserve health; by being virtuous, he may secure peace; by having industry, he may gain competence. 5. Correct the defective correspondence in the following: Mrs. A. B. presents her compliments to Mr. C. D., and desires you will consider me your debtor.-As gold is tried in the fire to ascertain its purity; afflictions are sent upon the earth to men.-As we never learn to make the best use of time on hand; and every day diminishes that which we believe is still before us; there is a tract behind of misspent hours. While using the proper means, nothing shall be wanting to our success.— A man cleaning windows, the machine on which he stood gave way, and he was precipitated into the street. LESSON XLVI. CORRESPONDENCE, GRAMMATICAL AND LOGICAL, AMONG THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE. The following are examples not only of the violation of grammatical correspondence, but of logical accuracy. Make the necessary corrections in writing. He passed through Germany, and the Baltic sea, to Sweden.-I understood him the best of all the others that spoke.-The plan is the likeliest of any other to succeed.-We, Britons, do not want a genius more than the reet of our neighbors.-By intercourse with the world, we may improve and rub off the rust of a retired education.-All people seek to be happy; and yet there are few who attain it. It was an unsuccessful undertaking; which, although it has failed, is no objection to an enterprise so well concerted. Whenever he comes, he always inquires after your health.-The reason why he did so, was because he was required to do it. 2. The following sentences, being logically defective, should be altered so that each sentence shall make the sense most likely to be intended. I intended to have transacted that affair yesterday.-I intended to transact that affair by the time you called, so as to be quite at leisure.-His work is perfect; his brother's more perfect; and his father's most perfect of all. His assertion was truer than his opponent's.-The first project was to shorten discourse, by cutting polysyllables into one.-Where a string of such sentences succeeds one another, the effect is disagreeable.-Ambition is so insatiable, that it will make any sacrifice to attain its objects.That picture of the emperor's does not much resemble him.-No human happiness is so complete as to be without alloy.-He has passed through many stormy seas and lands.—We are too often hurried with the violence of passion, or with the allurements of pleasure.-I intended to finish the letter before the bearer called, that he might not have been detained.-George is the most learned of all the other students that belong to the seminary.-To despise others for their poverty, or to value ourselves for our wealth, are dispositions highly culpable.-The new set of curtains did not correspond to the old pair of blinds.—I had intended yesterday to have walked out, but I have been again disappointed. His conduct is so provoking, that many will condemn, and a few will pity him.-Though the scene was very affecting, he showed a little emotion on the occasion.-In spite of his misconduct, he had few friends. Notwithstanding his illness, he had little appetite. LESSON XLVII. PUNCTUATION. Punctuation is the art of dividing written or printed dis course into certain larger and smaller portions, by means of points or marks, which serve to indicate the sense and relation of the words employed. Of these points, the Comma (,), the Semicolon (;), the Colon (:), and the Period (.), (says Mr. Goold Brown, in his elaborate and most copious |