Vis., Viscount.

Vol. Volume.

V. P., Vice-President.
Va., Virginia.

Viz., Namely; To wit
Vols., Volumes.
Vt., Vermont.
W., West.
WK., Week.

Wis., Wisconsin.

Wm., William.
Wp., Worship.
Wt., Weight.
Wed., Wednesday.
W. I., West Indies.
W. Lon., West Longitude.
W. N. W.,
West-Northwest.

W. S. W., West-Southwest.
Xmas., Christmas.
Xt., Christ.
Yd., Yard.
Yr., Your.
Y., Year.
Yds., Yards.
Yrs., Yours.
Zool., Zoology.
&c., And so forth.

LESSON XXXVI.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES ON THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

Write correctly the following sentences:

Of these professions each are crowded.-Two were ordered, but neithe were sent. The nation are powerful.-Seeing with one's own eyes, sel dom fail to bring conviction.-People is never wanting to join in the wildest enterprise.-Man's happiness or misery depend much on himself.-To profess regard and act differently, discover unworthiness of character.—To profess regard, and to act differently, constitutes a too common kind of treachery.-I or thou am the person to undertake the business.-Both of the scholars, or one of them at least, was present at the transaction.-Thou I, or the constable, are to be called up in order to be reprimanded.

First, I, and then George, and then my brother James, is to be monitor.— How does John and his father do?-Here is James and I to assist you.Never were a people so infatuated.-Brutus, him that repelled Tarquin, not him that joined with others to assassinate Cæsar, was a patriot that used legitimate means to rescue his country from tyranny.-I know it could

not have been her; but whether or no it was them, I am not able to declare.-Was it possible to be them?-Whom do the people say that we are! Ask him whom he has been thought to be.-It was thee whom I saw.—I should not like to be him.-His greatest concern and highest enjoyment, were to be approved in the sight of his Creator.

I care not for others, them being on my side.-Us being appointed to the duty, you have no right to interfere.-Charity to the poor, when governed by knowledge and prudence, there are no persons who will not adinit it to be a virtue.-Two substantives, when they come together, and do not signify the same thing, the former must be in the possessive case.—I do not think that any one should incur censure for being tender of their reputation. I will see every sufferer, and do my utmost to relieve their distress. The crowd was so great that I could not get through them.-He is like a beast of prey, who destroys without pity.-The worst kind of men, when it is in extremity, acknowledges its dependence on a Power unseen. The men and things which he has studied, have not improved him. My sister and I, as well as my brother, are daily employed in their several occupations.-The smith and the carpenter are at work; but even with your help, you will not finish to-day.-The multitude were determined to have its own will.

He paid twenty guineas, which are too high a price.-He is careless of the means prescribed for his recovery, which make his case almost hopeless.-Henry the Sixth, of England, was unfitted for the times he lived in, which were the immediate cause of the War of the Roses.-You must leave off these kind of indulgences.-You have been playing this two hours.— Boy's face often wants a good washing.-Many an one will suffer. He was extreme prodigal, and his property is now near exhausted.-We may reason very clear and strong, without knowing that there was such a thing as a syllogism.

Maria always appeared amiably; she never speaks severe or contemptuous. My opinion was given rather on a cursory perusal of the book.Thomas is equipped with a new pair of shoes and a new pair of gloves; he 's the servant of an old rich man.-Those sort of persons did real injury. Where are you going?-He went there in an hour.-My ancestors virtue is not mine.-His brothers offence will not condemn him.-A mans manner's frequently influence his fortune.-Wisdoms precept's form the good nans interest.-Moses rod was turned into a serpent.-Your's is better than her's; but his', when properly viewed, seems best of all.-.I hope it is not I who he is displeased with. To my good friend, he who has been my guardian, I dedicate this memorial.

LESSON XXXVII.

SENTENCES.

An assemblage of words expressing a complete thought, is called a sentence. A succession of sentences forms a composition.

A series of sentences relating to one subject, or to one part of a subject, composes a paragraph. Every successive paragraph commences on a new line. The proper division of a letter, or discourse, or treatise, into paragraphs, is an important matter.

The elements, or constituent parts of a sentence, are words, phrases, or clauses.

The principal parts of a sentence are those words which are necessary to make an assertion. The subordinate parts may be denominated adjuncts. Thus, in the sentence, "Virgil, in the eighteenth book of the Eneid, describes the manners of the primitive inhabitants of the country," the principal parts are, "Virgil describes manners;" all the other words are adjuncts, or subordinate parts, modifying or limiting the principal parts.

A sentence has two principal parts: the Subject and the Predicate.

The Subject is the word, or assemblage of words, of which something is declared.

The Predicate is the word, or words, expressing what is declared of the subject. Thus: "The earth is the Lord's." The earth is the subject; is the Lord's, is the predicate. The predicate sometimes includes an Object.

The subordinate parts, or adjunct elements of a sentence, are distinguished (by Clark, p. 28) as adjective or adverbial; the former-whether words, phrases, or sentencesbeing such as answer to the questions, What? What kind? Whose? How many? &c., and in construction being attached to nouns or pronouns. The adverbial adjuncts answer to the questions, How? Why? Where? Whence? Whether? &c. These adjuncts are attached to verbs, participles, adjectives, or adverbs.

Thus, in the sentence, "The whole American army now retreated through New Jersey towards Philadelphia," the principal parts are army retreated. The other words are adjective and adverbial adjuncts, indicated by asking questions, as above. What army? American. What or how much? Whole. What whole? The. Retreated when? Now. Where or whither? Through New Jersey. In what direction? Towards Philadelphia.

EXERCISES.

Write out, separately, the principal parts of the following sentences-then, the adjective adjuncts-then, the adverbial.

The British army sustained a heavy loss in the conflict, from eight hundred to a thousand men.-But, being determined to follow up the victory, they soon proceeded, under Lord Cornwallis, to attack Fort Lee, on the other side of the river.-As the British forces were evidently too strong for him, he evacuated it before he lost the opportunity.

LESSON XXXVIII.

THE SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE.

1. The Subject is either Simple, consisting of a single word; or Complex, when it consists of more than one. The former is sometimes called the Grammatical; the

latter, the Logical. For example: "Paul, the Apostle, was a truly great man." Here, "Paul" is the simple subject; "Paul, the Apostle," is the complex subject.

2. The complex subject is either a Phrase, or a Clause. By phrase, is meant a series of words associated, but not forming an assertion; as, to the city; over the mountain ; in fact; in hand; to write; to compose. The phrase thus consists, either of an infinitive, or of a preposition and its object.

3. A Clause is a subordinate proposition in a sentence; as, "Washington, who was the first President of this country, we all venerate." "He said, that Jefferson wrote it." "She arrived, when I was absent."

Clauses may be distinguished by some prominent part of speech which they contain: thus, participial, adverbial, relative, compellative, or vocative. This latter contains the name or title of the object addressed; as, "My son, give me thy heart.”

4. The Subject of a Sentence consists, then, either of a word, a phrase, a word with a phrase adjoined, a clause, or even a sentence; for example:

God is to be worshipped. We, his creatures, should worship Him. To worship God, is the duty of all. That God must be worshipped none can deny. "All men are created equal," says our Declaration of Independence.

The subject is generally either a noun or a pronoun. Other parts of speech are sometimes used instead of nouns, and may be employed as the subjects of a sentence, namely: adjectives, verbs in the infinitive mood, and participles. For example: "The wise make good associates." "To err is human." "Walking is

healthful."

Even a syllable, or a letter, may be the subject of a sentence; thus, A is an indefinite article. Ab is a syllable. Sub is the prefix of subject.

Any word, as a word, may be the subject; thus, John is a proper noun. Very is an adverb.