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as "the sound of zh." Its cognate is "the sound of sh," as in share, sure. Represent this aspirate by sh, the sonant by zh. Analyze beget, fourths, scarce, soothed, patter, proceeds, goods, prepare, sharer, perplexed, disturbed, shadowy, devised, chairs, pitchers, excursion [not zhun], thirty, forty, parent, merciful.

Write the foregoing list.

LESSON XIII.

RULE.-A, unaccented and ending a word, or constituting an unaccented syllable at the beginning of a word, has the sound of ah, but briefer.

Thus, America should be pronounced Ah-mer-i-kah,-the first sound and the last, very brief, and, because not accented, both spoken lightly.

Apply the foregoing rule in pronouncing the last syllable of each of the following words: Hannah, Anna, Cuba, Mendota, Pana. Avoid saying amazed for a(h)mazed, awry for a(h)wry, and again for a(h)gain.

Call this sound "short Italian a," and denote it thus, å.

The words aôrtȧ and aerial, having the initial "unaccented a" immediately followed by a vowel, are exceptions to the Rule.

Notice that Asa, Ada, āōrist, &c., have the initial a accented: the Rule does not pertain to initial a under accent. Utter, from memory, the following eight non-sonants, in the order here given, and, after each, its sonant, as taught in the foregoing lessons:

p, t, th, k, f, sh, s, ç.

Analyze deserve, Martha, pensive, quaked, Noah, Augusta, specie, eightieth, mendicant (i, not i), modification, erysipelas.

Write the foregoing list: also, screened, carriage (i), initial, special, equation, explosion, algebra, gauntlet, gutta percha.

LESSON XIV.

The "short Italian a," is frequently found in monosyllables and in accented syllables, as well as in the positions named in Lesson XIII. Speak ah explosively (as in Hannah), and with the falling slide, before each of the following

words, and give the same sound to the vowel within the word: ah, task; ah, fast; ah, grass; ah, last; ah, aghast (the same sound twice); ah, bath; ah, command; ah, staff. Review this practice often and attentively, until the correct utterance becomes easy.

The subjoined list contains the most common words in which "the short Italian a" is used with stress.

Advance, advantage, after, alas, amass, ant, ask, asp, bask, basket, blanch, blast, bombast, branch, brass, cask, casket, cast, caste, chaff, chance, chant, clasp, class, contrast, craft, dance, draft, draught, enhance, fast, flask, gasp, ghastly, glance, glass, graft, grass, lance, lass, last, mass, mast, pass, past, pastor, pastime, plaster, prance, quaff, raft, rafter, repast, shaft, slant, staff, task, trance, vast, waft.

The following list of proper names, which might be indefinitely extended, is inserted for convenience in drill. Let it be used until "final unaccented a" (or ah) is no longer heard as short e, long a, or short i. Say A-så, not A-se; Mendōtå, not Mendōti; and I-ō-wȧ, not I-ō-wa.

Asa, Ira, Joshua, Micah, Noah, Ada, Amanda, Amelia, Augusta, Celia, Clara, Cora, Deborah, Eliza, Emma, Flora, Hannah, Julia, Huldah, Laura, Martha, Melissa, Nerissa, Rhoda, Sophia, America, Africa, Iowa, Indiana, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Alabama, Louisiana [Say Lợi, not Lo e'; then, zi-an-å. Now, with strongest accent on an," say Lo'-i-zi-an'-å], Georgia, Mendota, Pana, Arabia, Centralia, Canada.

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Write grandly, aerial, aloof, polka, steady, acorn, sacred, knows, snare, partly, becomes, artisan, arnica, acid, Africa, Peoria, Alps, Norway, morrow, affair.

LESSON XV.

With one impulse pronounce ēôl; also, ē ōk. Compare these with yawl, yoke. With one impulse pronounce o et; ooz. Compare these with wet, was. Which represents a more open sound, o or the w in wet? è or the y in yoke?

W and y, when initial in a syllable, have been called vowelconsonants, and, by some, semi-vowels. Why?

Which form of the indefinite article is used before the nouns, yard, youth, watch, way? To which class, then, the vowel or the consonant, must w and y be regarded as more strictly belonging?

Of what vowel does the vowel-consonant w appear to be a modification? of what one the vowel-consonant y?

Review Lesson VII.

Analyze word, yard, worship, yacht (yot), poniard, [I following an accented syllable, and itself followed by a vowel, often represents the vowel-consonant y; sometimes it is recommended to keep the open vowel sound, as in the word Virginia], between, quail, coquette, quadrille [In a few words from the French, u is silent after q], zoology.

Write the foregoing list; also, atheistic, physicists, ignoramuses (ā), acquaintance, auxiliary (gz), extension, dogma, chance, square, familiar.

LESSON XVI.

Pronounce sing. Omit the s, and say ing. Now omit i, and sound only ng. Do this several times. Give the three sounds separately, sing. The digraph ng denotes a simple sound. Represent this by n.

Sin, sing: which of these words by the addition of (sin-k, sing-k) forms to the ear the word sink? Pronounce plan; then, without changing the last sound, add the sound k. If you do not change the n, you do not speak the word plank. Describe the difference in sound between the word fin and the first syllable of finger? What is the last syllable of finger? of singer? Is the sound denoted by ng in sing composed of the sounds n and g? Show this. In writing, and in analyzing, the following exercises, determine whether n has its own proper sound or that known as “the sound of ng."

The sonants 1, m, n, r and n are called liquids, on account of the freedom which they display in uniting, both among themselves and with other consonants; they have no cognates.

Analyze and Write singer, linger, lynx, English (two i's), blanket, conquer, yonder, watching, plumb, mongrel (u), congress, half, wreath, anger, farewell, paltry, mother, donkey, quiescent, language.

LESSON XVII.

Compare the initial breathings in the words hen, when. The latter breathing, represented in all cases by wh, is usually regarded as compound; viz., as composed of h followed by w. Try this. From breathing the initial element

of the word hen, pass promptly and pronounce the word wen. Do you thus give the true opening of the word when? In like manner compare h-wig with which, and h-wâr with where. Wh seems to be the sign of an element breathed throughout, the lips being in position for giving the sonant w, which, however, is not vocalized. Represent this aspirate, or breathing, by hw (or, if preferred, by a written attached to the stem of a written h).

Call this element "the modified aspirate; " call the breathing denoted by h, "the unmodified aspirate."

Pronounce the following words. Five of them begin with the unmodified aspirate, h. Which are they? Whoop, where, which, who, what, whose, whom, whether, whole, while.

Analyze and Write the preceding ten words; also wharf, scarf, thwart, distinguish, original, distinct, tongue, liquid, experiment, opinion.

LESSON XVIII.

We have now studied 40 elements. compound vowels, as heard in isle, type; tune, few.

There remain four oil, boy; out, cow;

The first, called "long i," composed of ä and ē, denote by i., "second (without name)

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"fourth, called "long u," "

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It is curious to notice that in the fourth, the second element is accented; in each of the others, the first. See "Remarks on the Chart," preceding Lesson I.

Four Cautions.

1. Neither element of any one of these compounds should be made as distinct as when not combined with another vowel; nor should either be made so full as greatly to preponderate over the other.

2. The first diphthong is sometimes very improperly given in place of the second; thus il for oil.

3. Studiously avoid using â as the first element in the third diphthong. This vulgar pronunciation gives kâo for

kou.

4. The practice of omitting the first element of the fourth diphthong should be shunned. Say constitution, not constitootion; produce, not prodoos.

word music. Now [The name and the Does the u in music sound

Pronounce the first syllable of the omit its first element, and sound only u. sound are not quite the same.] precisely like that in unit? What is the which of the two is the u in manual? stands as the first letter of a syllable, y is in the midst of a syllable, it should not be. ũ, (not yu, not myūt).

difference? Like When "long u" heard before it; Unit, yū; mute,

Long u" is never immediately preceded in the same word by the sound of r, sh, or zh. When such might seem to be the case, the ū drops its first element and is heard as Hence true, fruit, cherubic, &c., are pronounced tro, frot, gerobik. If the u is not under accent, u may be heard rather than o, as in treasure, garrulous, cherubim.

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LESSON XIX.

Each simple long vowel except ō has its kindred, or cognate, short vowel. Below, under each of seven of the long vowels is printed the cognate explosive vowel. Pronounce the first upper, then the one beneath, and so on. A remarkable likeness will be observed.

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The vowels of the second line are formed with a more open mouth than the corresponding long vowels; but their distinguishing quality is explosiveness. From both these causes the short vowels are more difficult of utterance. Bean is more easily pronounced than bin, trade than tread; and an indolent person or an invalid is not unlikely to say hând for hand, ep for up, and ôn for on.

Analyze each of the following lists, and tell what error is likely to occur in uttering the accented vowel:

1. Can, land, hand, pallid, stand, back, bag, famine, haggard.

2. Torrent, flock, on, fond, torrid, fondling, onset, monarch. 3. Pin, thin, think, pit, ambition, instance.

4. Tub, but, nut, must, pluck, cuff, snuff, corruption. 5. Met, fence, pen, health, remedy, connection, bet.

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