nibal negotiates with Syracuse, Sardinia, and Macedon-His position

at Tifata-Revolt of Bruttians-Conquest of Greek cities-History

and importance of Croton-Temple of Juno Lacinia-Fabius and

Marcellus consuls-The tide turns against Hannibal-He gains pos-

session of Tarentum-Its position and importance-The citadel holds

out-The war in Sicily-Importance of Syracuse-Its siege and

capture-Its fate

. 236

CHAPTER XV.

SIEGE OF CAPUA AND HANNIBAL'S MARCH ON ROME.

(212-208 B.C.)

Importance of war in Spain-Successes and death of the two Scipios—

Renewed activity of Hannibal-Siege of Capua-Hannibal attempts

to relieve it-His march on Rome-Fate of Capua-" Ovation" of

Marcellus-The Numidian cavalry at Salapia-Continued superiority

of Hannibal in the field-Death of Marcellus-Influence of family

traditions at Rome-Patriotism of Romans-Latin colonies show

symptoms of exhaustion.

CHAPTER XVI.

BATTLE OF THE METAURUS.

(207 B.C.)

The approach of Hasdrubal from Spain-His messengers fail to find

Hannibal-Importance of the crisis-Brilliant march of Nero-

Retreat of Hasdrubal-Description of the Metaurus-Battle of the

Metaurus-Triumph and brutality of Nero

CHAPTER XVII.

P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO.

(210-206 B.C.)

Scipio in Spain-His early history-His character and influence-Made

proconsul-Takes New Carthage-Carthaginians finally driven out

of Spain.

255

272

280

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE WAR IN AFRICA. BATTLE OF ZAMA.

(206-202 B.C.)

PAGE

Scipio returns to Rome and is elected Consul-Receives leave to invade

Africa-Goes to Sicily-His doings and difficulties there-Sails for

Africa-Massinissa and Syphax-Roman ignorance of Carthage-

The fall of Carthage, how far a matter of regret-Siege of Utica-

Scipio's command prolonged-He burns the Carthaginian camps—

Sophonisba-The Carthaginian peace party-Sons of Hamilcar re-

called to Africa-Mago obeys the summons-Hannibal obeys it-

The Bruttian territory-The "Camp of Hannibal "-The Lacinian

column-Joy in Italy-First operations of Hannibal in Africa-Battle

of Zama-Dignity of Hannibal-Terms of peace-Results of the

war-Alternative policies open to Rome

238

CHAPTER XIX.

CARTHAGE AT THE MERCY OF ROME.

(201-150 B.C.)

Deterioration of Roman character-Condition of Italy-Condition of

Rome-Condition of Roman provinces-Story of Lucius Flamininus

-Story of Sergius Galba--Rapid conquest of the East-State of

Eastern world-Summary of Roman conquests in the East-Reforms

introduced by Hannibal at Carthage-Romans demand his sur-

render-Self-abnegation of Hannibal-Comparison between Hannibal

and Napoleon-Hannibal's exile and wanderings-His schemes, his

sufferings, and his death-Roman fear and hatred of him-Credi-

bility of the anecdotes about him-Humour of Hannibal-Anecdotes

of him while at court of Antiochus and during his wandering life—

He founds Artaxata and Prusa-History and importance of Prusa—

Hannibal's personal characteristics-Death of Scipio-Treatment of

Carthage by Romans and Massinissa—“Delenda est Carthago"

• 313

Appian and his history-Polybius-Characteristics of his history-His

love of truth-Topography of Carthage-Causes of its obscurity—

Changes made by nature-Changes made by man-The peninsula

and the isthmus-The fortifications and triple wall-The Tænia-

The harbours-Resolve of Rome respecting Carthage-Treachery of

Romans-Scene at Utica--Scene at Carthage-The Roman attack

fails-Repeated failures and losses-Scipio Æmilian-His character

and connections-He takes the Megara-Siege of the city proper-

Scipio's mole and the new outlet--Contradictions in Carthaginian

character-Scipio attacks the harbour quarter-He takes Nepheris---

The final assault-The three streets-The Byrsa-Fate of the city

and its inhabitants-Curse of Scipio-Unique character of the fall of

Carthage-Its consequences-Subsequent cities on its site--Final

destruction by the Arabs

338

Interest of a visit to Carthage-Nature of impressions thence derived

-Its topography-First view dlsappointing-The Goletta and the

Tænia--Djebel Khawi and the Necropolis-Vicissitudes of its history

-Its treatment by the Romans-Sanctity of burying place among

Semitic races-Râs Sidi bu Said and its sanctity-St. Louis a Muslim

saint-Scene of misadventure of Mancinus-His picture of Carthage

-Hill of St. Louis the ancient Byrsa-Description of Byrsa-Gulf of

Tunis and Peninsula of the Dakhla-Lake of Tunis and Plain of

Carthage--The aqueduct, its character, history, and appearance-

Utica Obliteration of Punic city-The smaller cisterns "-Are

PAGE

they Punic or Roman?-The larger cisterns-Débris of four cities-
Excavations of Dr. Davis-Excavations of M. Beulé-Remains of
triple wall and traces of final conflagration-Catapult bolts-Remains
of ancient harbours-Buildings beneath the sea-Oriental character
of Tunis-Strange mixture of races-Streets of Tunis-Sights of
Tunis-The neighbourhood of Tunis-Patriarchal life-Characteris-
tics of the Arab-His unchangeableness-Conclusion

• 363