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Object, Importance, and Antiquity of the Rite of Consecration of Churches, Lond. 8vo, 1844.

The choir of the new structure of St. Paul's Cathedral

was opened on Dec. 2, 1697, being the Thanksgiving day for the Peace on the treaty of Ryswick, on which oc casion a prayer was simply added, by the King's direction, to The Form appointed for the day, and used in the Communion Service. Dugdale's St. Paul's, edit. 1818, p. 172.1

CANTOVA.-A Jesuit named Cantova once wrote an account of the Carolinians. This is all I am able, after searching a good many biographical dictionaries, to find about him. Will some one tell me who he was, when he lived, and what he wrote ? MATHEMATICUS.

[His name occurs in the Nouvelle Biographie Générale, viii. 532: "Jean-Antoine Cantova, missionnaire et thé ologien italien, de l'ordre des Jésuites, natif de Milan, vivait dans la première moitié du dixhuitième siècle. Il se rendit en 1717 comme missionnaire d'abord en Mexique, ensuite aux Philippines et aux Carolines. C'est dans une des îles de ce dernier groupe qu'il fut assassiné. On a de lui: Vita et mors Alosii Cuntova, canon. S. Stephani majoris. Milan, 1717."]

GOVERNORS OF GUERNSEY.-Will you be kind enough to give the names of the governors of Guernsey during the reign of Elizabeth? INQUISITUS.

[The following names are given in Berry's History of Guernsey, edit. 1815, p. 214:

"1553. Sir Leonard Chamberlain 1555. Francis Chamberlain 1570. Sir Thomas Leighton.

Lord Zouche.

}

Joint Governors.

1580. Thomas Wigmore, Lieut.-Gov. and Bailiff, 1581.]

Replies.

TENURES OF LAND IN IRELAND.

(3rd S. iv. 395.)

In reply to ABHBA's Query, as to the best works upon this subject, I think there is no work published treating exclusively upon this matter, and except he takes the trouble to abstract for himself portions of old books and papers, collect notes, &c. to some score of antiquarian works, or interest in his favour, as correspondent, some savan of the Irish societies or some learned lawyer, he must be content with but meagre results.

For my part, I am myself a student in this matter, and for better registering my collected memoranda, I have divided all the tenures of land in Ireland into three classes-1. Those aboriginal titles, so to say, which were in vogue until the conquest of Ireland; 2. The transitionary tenures; and, 3. The systems of holding common in our own day.

References to the first systems are found scattered over every History of Ireland - amongst others, in Camden, Keating, &c.; and of late

days, especially in Haverty and others. There are many differences, however, in the various statements, but all agree in their descriptions of the Brehon laws. In these ancient times, as AвнBA knows, the leaders of the septs alone held land, passing, not from father to son, but to the best qualified to defend it. This of course was tanistry. The knotty point is, whether what we know as true gavel-kind was common in Ireland. Dr. Millar thinks not, because, though the inferior tenants of the chief generally held their lands only at will, still they were allowed to remain in possession during life, when the estates passed entirely from them, and a new distribution took place. There are two or three pages on this head in Gordon's History of Ireland, and in Haverty's History, &c.

By the second class of tenure, I allude more particularly to the parcelling out of the country to the English nobles by Henry II., and the almost nondescript titles to land which were common until, at all events, the reign of James I., when the Commission of Grace was issued, by which the Irish lords and septs, by giving up their claims by the ancient Irish titles to their lands and estates, were confirmed in the possession of the same by the English governors. A history of the above, interspersed with many valuable references on the ancient tenures of Irish lands, will be found in Davies's Historical Relations, in Millar's Historical View of the English Government, in Howard's Treatise on the Revenue, &c., of Ireland, in Leland's History of Ireland, and in Wakefield's Statistical Ireland, &c. &c.

By the third kinds of tenure, I mean those now in ordinary use, especially the systems adopted towards their successive tenants by the heirs of the original holders of the king in capite, by knight's service, and in soccage; also the different kinds of leases now common, and above all by the tenancy at will; which last tenure, if tenure it can be called, De Raumer, a German writer on Ireland, declares to be far inferior to that of the lowest serfs. The best chapters on present occupancies are to be found in French authors; for instance, in De Lavergne's Essai sur l'E'conomie rurale de l'Irelande, &c.; in Perraud's E'tudes sur l'Irlande contemporaine, 1862; in De Hauranne's Lettres sur L'Irlande; in Regnault's L'Irlande; in De Beaumont's L'Irlande, and a host of others.

I do not know if this will serve ABнBA's purpose; but, in conclusion, beg to say that, the Blue Books excepted, there are more modern works in French upon Ireland than English ones. And I do not hesitate to say also that if England's prophesied complications do arrive, and Ireland becomes our Poland, we shall have to read up very many of these books to see clearly what it is that Ireland complains of, and what will pacify her. W.EASSIE.

High Orchard House, Gloucester,

MUTILATION OF SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS. (3rd S. iv. 286, 363.)

Methinks that VEBNA has "put his foot in it." XP. records an instance where some inscribed slabs, particularising certain memorials relating to the Joscelyn family, and ranging in date from 1699 to 1732, have been buried under a comparatively recent pavement of tiles. XP. characterises the act in strong terms. Were he a Joscelyn, or a descendant of those whose memorials have thus been obliterated, feeling injured that a wrong had been done both to his ancestors and to himself, he would probably have expressed himself somewhat like what he has done. Not being a Joscelyn, he has no motive for doing so, except to declare his abhorrence of what he considers as an unfair act to the dead, and an equally unfair act to the absent representatives of those dead. Has VEBNA ever erected a monument in a church, or placed an inscribed slab in a chancel, to honour or perpetuate the memory of some departed ancestor or relative? To say he values that memorial because he has paid so much money for it, is to say nothing. Strong as this claim to the memorial may be, there are feelings of a far higher nature involved in the interest we feel in the careful preservation of records of this sort. But we are informed that a board has been fixed to the wall, which declares that, Beneath the flooring of this chancel lie some monumental slabs, with inscriptions on them, of which the following are copies." Would not the original inscriptions be better than copies of them placed upon a perishable board? How long will a paltry board last? In a few years it will be looked upon as an eyesore, and will be taken down; or, if not, Time will work its destruction long before he can make an impression upon the stones. There is no permanency in this arrangement. Yet VEBNA undertakes to defend it. He argues that the tiles with which the slabs are overlaid, "are more suited to the sacred character of the spot than memorials sacred only to man." Why, if there were any validity in such an argument, it would justify the covering over with tiles, any or all the memorials in Westminster Abbey. Besides, are tiles more sacred than stones? Some years ago a quantity of tile flooring in Lichfield Cathedral was taken up to be replaced by stones. This alteration did not raise any comments as to unfitSuch principles as are here advocated, under the misapplied term "restoration," are doing both ourselves and our venerable, and heretofore venerated temples, incalculable mischief. Those inscriptions might prove to be valuable title-deeds to some one some day; but buried, concealed, and inaccessible as they are, those who might benefit by the evidence are now robbed of it. In some Faculties granted for permission to

ness.

"restore" or rebuild churches, there is generally a clause inserted, which strictly enjoins the preservation of all memorials of the dead, and especially of all inscriptions. It is true, these inscriptions are not destroyed; they are preserved rather too closely; but for all practical purposes they are utterly useless, and but for XP. would soon have been forgotten. P. HUTCHINSON.

I do not think that even antiquaries have much reason for complaint in the case of church restorations when the tombstones, unless of an early or particularly interesting character, remain in situ, and the names, titles, and dates of the persons commemorated are inscribed in tiles. This is at any rate far better than as has been done at Minster Church, for instance, where the slabs, all but one of recent date, have been cleared clean away out of the church some certainly of interest in a genealogical point of view. When we last saw them they were outside the church, some promise, as we understood, having been given that they should be carefully re-erected outside. Considerable delay, however, has occurred even in performing this poor compromise. Has it been done now? There is, however, a very common sort of destruction, far more lamentable than that of which we are now speaking. I mean that of works of art, such as carvings in stone, or wood, semidefaced paintings, ancient incised stones, which would interfere with the nice freshness of a restored church. This rage for making all our churches as like as two peas, and as tame to boot, cannot be too much lamented, nor sufficiently reprobated. This remark applies quite as much to foreign restorations, as to what has been done in this country. Nothing, however, has in this way equalled the reckless and shameless Vandalism which has been committed at the so-called restoration of Hexham Abbey, disgraceful_alike_to all concerned in it.

J. C. J.

MAJOR CREWE (3rd S. iv. 247.)- Your correspondent λ. desires to find a memoir of Major Crewe. I may premise my remarks by stating I believe he was only a lieutenant in the English army; but sixty or seventy years ago it was customary, out of courtesy, to give a person in the army a title of higher rank than he was actually entitled to, and many assumed as a nom de guerre the titles of captain, major, &c., while only subalterns. There may be found some curious particulars of the gentleman in question in an Autobiographical Memoir of Sir John Barrow, Bart., late of the Admiralty, 8vo, Lond. 1847. He appears to have been an attaché, at p. 46, to Sir G. Staunton's embassy to China, and at pp. 51 and 52, we have his history and character:

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'Buff and Blue,

And Mrs. Crewe.'

Mrs. Crewe was also a great favourite of Lord Macartney; and she being most desirous of removing her son out of the temptations of London, earnestly entreated his lordship to take him to China.. The only condition,' said his lordship, on which I can possibly allow him to go is a most solemn pledge, on his honour, that he will not touch either cards, or dice, or other instruments of gambling, either on board ship or at any place where we may stop.' He gave the pledge and broke it-lost to one of the lieutenants of the Lion,' it was said, some thousand pounds, not any part of which could he pay; and it was also said he had compounded the debt for an annuity of as many hundred pounds as he had lost thousands. My cabin on the passage home was on the lower deck, and scarcely a night passed in which I was not disturbed by the rattling of dice, or by Mr. Crewe's scraping on the bass-viol. He was a most gentlemanly good-natured young man, and was urged on by an old Scotch lieutenant, who ought to have known better. Mr. Crewe succeeded his father, who had been created a baron in 1812 [1806], and died in 1835."

"Twv Xploravŵv] Id est Catholicorum. Nam hi soli Christiani. Unaque est Ecclesia Christiana Catholica. Nec aliter etiam nunc Itali Catholicos nisi Christianorum vocabulo designant. Revocat ea vox mihi in memoriam quod mihi super ea re in Italia altero itinere evenit. Narrabam Abbati cuidam, rogatum me Montispeli a decurione militari, quum illic Biblia a Majore arcis utenda peterem, illeque summopere eapropter mihi irasceretur, 'Num Biblia liber hæreticus esset?' caussa id conjectans, cur ita graviter Major mihi offensus fuisset. Hic bonus Abbas, nihilo militari homine eruditior, Signor mio,' quæsivit, la Bibbia, è questo un libro christiano?"" P. 130.

U. U. Club.

H. B. C.

"ROBERT ROBINSON" AND "COUSIN PHILLIS.”— There are some curious coincidences between PROF. DE MORGAN's interesting article on "Robert Robinson" (3rd S. iv. 340), and a story called "Cousin Phillis," in the November number of the Cornhill Magazine, e. g.:—

"Your father up at three! Why, what has he to do at that hour?'

What has he not to do? He has his private exercise in his own room; he always rings the great bell, which calls the men to milking, &c. . . . He has often to whip-cord the plough-whips; he sees the hogs fed; he looks into the swill-tubs,' &c."- Cornhill, p. 627.

It is perfectly obvious that these details are

I think the above may be satisfactory in reply taken from Robinson's letter to Henry Keane,

to λ. from

AN OCCASIONAL CORRESPOndent.

SETTLE'S EUSEBIA TRIUMPHANS" (3rd S. iv. 394.)-The arms upon this book are, no doubt, those of Stanhope, quarterly ermine and gules, and it was probably bound for presentation to General Stanhope, who became one of the principal Secretaries of State on the accession of George I.; and was created Viscount Stanhope of Mahon, in the island of Minorca, in 1717: the lineal ancestor of our noble President at the Society of Antiquaries.

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Esq.:

"Rose at three o'clock, &c. . . Rang the great bell, and roused the girls to milking. Whip-corded the boys' plough-whips; saw the hogs fed; examined the swilltubs," &c.

But the question is, whether the resuscitation of this dissenting Parson Trulliber from a pretty general oblivion has been brought about by a singular coincidence, without any communication between his two revivers ? C. W. BINGHAM.

HUGH STUART BOYD (2nd S. vii. 284, 523.)-— This celebrated Greek scholar was born at Edgeware, Middlesex, and admitted a pensioner of Pembroke Hall, July 24, 1799, being matriculated Dec. 17, 1800. He left the University without a degree. His death occurred at Kentish Town, May 10, 1848, aged 67.

Cambridge.

C. H. & THOMPSON COOPER.

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dreas, Foppens, and especially by Paquot, who takes special notice of the Spiritual Pilgrimage, whereof several, though defective manuscript copies were in existence, before Calentijn procured the accurate edition. Pascha, however, never visited the Holy Land, neither does he attempt a description of that country; his work is a pious treatise, in which the writer dwells upon the spiritual panoply of his pilgrim, who, not being able bodily to journey to Jerusalem, still wants to guide his steps to Zion in spirit. -V. D. N. in the Navorscher, vol. xii. (2nd S. vol. ii.) p. 144.

Zeyst, near Utrecht.

JOHN H. VAN Lennep.

MICHAEL JOHNSON OF LICHFIELD (3rd S. iv. 388.)-The following is a very trifling correction of one of MR. BATES's entries, but I send it because accuracy, even in small matters, is always acceptable to " N. & Q." I have before me a copy of Floyer's work,-The Preternatural State of Animal Humours Described, &c. The imprint is as follows: :

"London: Printed by W. Downing for Michael Johnson, and are to be sold by Robert Clavel, Sam. Smith, and Benjamin Walford, in St. Paul's Church Yard. 1696."

The volume is not a 4to, but a small 8vo. Sir John Floyer practised at Lichfield, and his Preface is dated from that city.

While on the subject of Michael Johnson, I may suggest, as worthy of record in " N. & Q.," a recent discovery in his family history, due to the industry of Mr. Hannett, as noticed in his Forest of Arden, &c. lately published. Both the place and date of Michael's marriage had remained unknown until Mr. Hannett searched the

parish register of Packwood, near Henley-inArden, where he found the following entry: "1706. Michell Johnsones of Lichfield and Sarah Ford, maried June y 19th."

JAYDEE.

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"Vendit, emit, mutat, libros et colligit omnes,
In Cantabrigiâ Mappesianus homo."

J. H. L. PISCINE NEAR ROODLOFTS (3rd S. iv. 362.)-I, at all events, have not had far to search for an instance of an altar being placed in the rood-loft, which your correspondent "R. M." professes to think a very improbable position.

In an inventory of the possessions of the (cathedral) church of Peterborough, taken Nov. 30, 1539, occurs the following, among many other curious items:

"In the Rood Loft: one Table upon the altar; eighteen images, well gilt; one desk of wood; two orfers; one front of painted cloth."

I copy from a guide-book, and believe the inventory is given by Gunton.

If the piscine were inserted for images, would they not have been placed, by preference, on the north side, or dexter of the altar, wherever it was? The fact of their being insertions is clearly accounted for by the rood-lofts themselves being later erections. PETERBURGIENSIS.

ALLEGORICAL PAINTING (3rd S. iv. 393.) — The painting about which MR. MACLEAN inquires is no doubt an allegorical representation of the vanity of human life, and the things of this world. The emptiness of riches, beautifully shown in the lady, who also symbolises the world probably. There is the winged hour-glass, to tell of time flying away; the flowers telling the same story. We have also the vanity of riches and greatness in the crown trodden underfoot, the money falling; the candle signifies life, which may easily be extinguished; and, lastly, the cards, musical instruments, and the like, show how vain are man's sports and amusements.

I have in my own possession a very well painted and curious painting, by D. Teniers, signed, of the same subject. There is a sort of table or stand, on which some very finely-shaped vases of gold and silver stand. On the left is a fire with the smoke rising; in it some other vessels are being burnt. Below the table is a great chest or coffer containing jewels and drinking-cups of precious metal. To the left is a group of armour, with helmet battered and bruised; and in the fore

ground are cards, musical instruments, a horse's and a man's skull; about the room several bubbles are floating, and hanging from the top by a thin If you look closely into it you will see a reflection, thread is a crystal-ball representing human life. which, upon closer observation, turns out to be a man's face, no doubt intended for the spectator himself; and on a white piece of drapery in the centre of the picture is the legend "Heidel Heyt," All is so. I have entered thus fully into the particulars, because the subject is very cleverly treated, and that such subjects were very seldom painted by Teniers. In this picture, which is about 24 inches by 20, there is not one figure.

J. C. J.

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I have the authority of Thomson's Etymons of English Words for stating that terrier is derived from the French word terrier, which means a hole in the earth. Thus, se faire un terrier, signifies to burrow, and the name was doubtless given to the dog from its habit of hunting badgers, foxes, or rabbits in their holes. The origin of the word cannot possibly be connected with shaking, but has its root in the Latin word terra. JUVENIS.

ADLERCRON (3rd S. iv. 304, 383.) — Some years before 1795, when I first heard the story, a gentleman of this name was killed at his own door

in Park Street, Dublin, by certain college youths, who, "hot with the Tuscan grape," night-roamed the city like the "Mohawks" of Queen Anne's time. These sprightly lads were the terror of the town, then badly guarded and worse lighted; their chamber-key, knotted into the corner of a pocket-handkerchief, supplied an academic variety of the Hibernian peasant's ever-ready weapon-a stone, dropped into the foot of his worsted stocking and proved as effectual on the unlucky Mr. Ad

lercron.

Other than this domestic tragedy, I never heard of the gentleman whose janua mortis had been opened by a college key. Possibly he was a son of the general whose name is chronicled in "N. & Q.," and haunts my old memory as the maiden appellation of a lady, well remembered by me, as the wife of a long-deceased clergyman in Westmeath. In Germany it bears (historically perhaps) a royal signification—the eagle's crown.

At a still earlier period ("Names," ibid. 369), 1784-1789, I was the almost daily customer of good old Dame Severn, who vended apples and apple-tarts in Edgar Street, Worcester, where "cadunt altis de turribus umbræ" of the Saxon king's palace. Were it but for his architectural sympathies towards this venerable pile, at least a hundred years older than its Norman namesake in London, Mr. Walker will be as content, perhaps, to identify his prænomen with the Vigornian Pomona, as with the river-spirit immortalised in Milton's Comus.

By-the-bye, Sydney Smith did not invent the baptismal Saba for his daughter; it having been preoccupied by an Egyptian princess, the mother of our Saint George; teste that ancient and authentic record, The Seven Champions of Christen

dom. A kinsman of mine own devised a name for his daughter more unquestionably_original, and prænominated her, Stetta.

E. L. S.

BED-GOWN AND NIGHT-DRESS (3rd S. iv. 332.) The following extract from a Writ of Queen Elizabeth's is worth appending to the notes already collected in "N. & Q.," in reference to the above subject. It is printed in the Archæologia, xvi. p. 94:

"By The Queene.

"Elizabeth,-We will and comaunde you that uppon the sight hereof ye delyver or cause to be delyv'ed unto our servaunt Walter Fyshe twelve yards of purple vellat, frized on the backsyde with white and russet sylke, to make us a nyght gown. And also that ye delyver to Charles Smyth, Page of our Robes, Fourtene yards of murrye damaske to be emplyde in making of a night gowne for the Erle of Leycester, &c.

"To our trusty and welbeloved s'vant,
George Bredyman, Keeper of our
said Pallaice of Westm"."

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Will he kindly inform me what evidence he has of the authenticity of the signature of "the crazy nun of Avila," as Ford in his Handbook calls her?

I make this inquiry, having recently returned from Spain, where I was forcibly convinced how little the law of evidence was known or regarded by those who adopted and believed the legends and miracles of the great Spanish saints.

For the life, death, and miracles of St. Teresa, I would beg to refer your readers to the Handbook of Spain, edition 1855, vol. ii. p. 745.

CLARRY.

"DON QUIXOTE” (3rd S. iv. 227, 333.) — If CANON DALTON has not yet found all the information he desires respecting the translations, &c., of Don Quixote, he will find much, as well as the various editions of the original, in the Life of Cervantes by Roscoe (Murray), 1837.

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