Howard. As few sepulchral figures of the period have hitherto been published, we have copied Mr. Howard's plate of it to accompany the present article. It has been already noticed that in one of her letters the Duchess states that she had had five children, but the names of two of them are not known. The others were, Henry Earl of Surrey, the Poet, whose Life has been written by Dr. Nott, and from whom all the existing branches of the Howard family (with the exception of the Effingham branch) are descended. Mary Duchess of Richmond, the wife of Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset, K.G. natural son of Henry VIII. (See Chamberlain's Holbein Heads.) Thomas Viscount Bindon, whose branch became extinct with his younger son the third Viscount in 1610. The tales of the vulgar relative to spirits and apparitions, to works performed by the devil, to fairies and hobgoblins, to haunted buildings, forests, pools, and streams have been recorded by writers of all ages, and may be traced in their origin even to the classic times. The cause of these fictions is, perhaps, the traditional knowledge of the fact that the creation of Almighty God is peopled by beings beyond the limited power of mortal intelligence and vision "Millions of spiritual creatures walk the earth, Unseen both when we wake and when we sleep," to entertain which notion is superstitious only when we believe that such agents are permitted to disturb the evidence of our senses "with thoughts beyond the reaches of our souls." It is a safe article of belief to * Paradise Lost, book 14, line 677. feel assured that Providence does not suffer the course of nature to be altered by supernatural appearances and effects without some great and general purpose; such was the attestation of revealed truths by miraculous works. Chaucer makes his Wife of Bath speak of the universality of spiritual agencies in the olden time. "In the olde dayes of the King Artour, It is added, with infinite humour, that these elfin beings have been displaced by the mendicant friars— "For ther as wont to walken was an elf, There walketh now the limitour himself." It is easy to shew that the early ages cannot be vindicated from the charge of superstition, nor is it indeed expedient that they should; for the romance of history would thereby lose one of its most poetical features. Shakspere himself would be deprived of the magnificent and awful machinery which accompanies so many of his finest dramas.‡ book as Brand's Observations on PopuA slight reference to so common a lar Antiquities, will sufficiently confirm what I have here said on the subject of popular superstitions. The more immediate object of this communication is to put on its just basis the suggestion of J. P. which, by a singular but altogether fortuitous coincidence, in your last number followed my account of the Devil's Dyke in Cambridgeshire, namely, that the term Devil's Dyke was not given to + Wife of Bath's Tale. How sublimely is the power of these supernatural ministers described by Prospero in the Tempest ! that and other works by the vulgar as ascribing their formation to supernatural agency, but that the term is a mere corruption of the British word Diphwys, meaning a steep place or precipice. Now, to overlook the fact that there is very small affinity in sound in this word where the w has the power of the double o, with the Saxon word Deople, and the great improbability that a general term should be applied by the Saxons drawn from the old British tongue to objects which they wished to distinguish as remarkable, the utter inapplicability of the word, in the Bense of steep, to many of those objects, must be a sufficient refutation of the etymology offered by J. P. How will the British word signifying a steep precipice or profundity be applicable to upright stones, and other objects by no means to be classed under such a description? Four huge stones, of an upright form, near Boroughbridge, in Yorkshire, are called the Devil's Bolts or Arrows, as having been projected from the bow of the arch-fiend. Three upright stones at Stanton Harcourt in Oxfordshire are called the Devil's Quoits, the disks he is supposed to have used at the game. The term devil's highway, given to many roads of the Romans in Britain, is of too frequent occurrence to need particular specification. It may be added to my notes on the Devil's Dyke that there is a huge artificial mound at Thetford, formed, the country people say, by the devil scraping his shoes after he had dug his dyke on Newmarket Heath. I do not consider the derivation given by your correspondent for the Devil's Punch Bowl on the Portsmouth Road by any means happy, diphwys, steep, pul, a bowl or hollow place. This huge bowl being found empty, some jovial sailor travelling, I suppose, on the Portsmouth coach, added the punch. Indeed, I have always considered the appellation above mentioned for Hind-head Hill as a mere jest of no remote origin, and never had the slightest suspicion of its British pretensions. J. P. himself recognizes in it some facetious adulteration of his British ingredients. The coarse appellation given to the Peak Cavern in Derbyshire, would be reduced to nonsense if for the term devil the word diphwys were substituted as an adjective. Instances might be multiplied ad infinitum to shew that our ancestors did really apply the term devil, in its plain acceptation, to certain remarkable objects, natural or artificial; it is therefore, I suggest, the very hypercriticism of etymology to divert so plain a circumstance into a conjecture altogether hypothetical. In speaking of Graham's Dyke, I should not have omitted to mention the rampart called Grimsditch, crossing the Roman Road from Old Sarum to Dorchester. I am happy to observe that in the Additions to Camden's Britannia by Gibson a hint is afforded in corroboration of my suggestion that the Devil's Dyke in Cambridgeshire may be a Roman work. "It is said that in digging through the Devil's Ditch on Newmarket Heath, near Ixning, they met with some ancient pieces. If they are still preserved, it is probable they would afford us some light who were the authors of that vast work. A late author has affirmed that they bore the inscriptions of divers Roman emperors, but upon what authority I know not." The day may not be far distant when the Roman origin of this stupendous fortification may be demonstrated to greater certainty; but, however that may be, it will still retain the mysterious appellation conferred on it by popular superstition. Yours, &c. A. J. K. MR. URBAN, Colchester, Jan. 14. YOUR Correspondent J. P. has boldly asserted that Arundel is the site of the ancient city Anderida, and that the wood takes its name from this place. I applaud the enthusiasm of the writer, but, through fear that some of the readers of your widely circulated Magazine may place too much reliance on his authority, I will endeavour to invalidate his statement. J. P. maintains that the word Anderida is synonymous with Arundel, and that the word takes its name from the place. And if I can shew that Arundel and Anderida are derived from • Gibson's Camden, p. 379. British words totally distinct from each other, and of different signification, my object will be so far gained. J. P. says that the British word haiarn, iron, gives the name to the river on which Arundel stands; but he forgets that in Sussex the streams which take their names from the colour of their waters, as being tinged in rainy weather by the iron sand through which they flow, are called Rother, from the Saxon rod-re, red stream. There are rivers, however, in Sussex which retain their British appellation; such is the Adour, the Adurnus of the Romans; and the Adour in France proves that this is a generic term among the Celtic tribes for a river. The word Arun is also a generic term used by the Britons for a river or stream of water. And there is a river so called in Cardiganshire, and some of the villages on its banks take their names from it, such as Aber-Ayron, Cilian-Ayron. But in its abbreviated form of Erne this term is found in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland; and in some instances we meet with a prefix, signifying their specific character. Such is Severn, i. e. saf, a station, and ern or erne, a river, the river of stations, from the chain of posts erected on its banks by the Romans; and again, Neverne, i. e. nef, heavenly or sacred, and erne, meaning the sacred stream, from the residence of the Druids on its banks. Oh that my feeble pen could rouse some of the bards and gifted sons of Cambria to elucidate the ancient his tory of the romantic region through which the Neverne flows. But to return from my digression. The word dôl in British signifies a fruitful pleasant valley on a river's side, and is so frequently used in Wales that I would hazard the supposition that del in this instance is derived from it. Arundel, therefore, means the pleasant valley of the river. Whoever has beheld the beautiful expanse of meadows which stretches from Arundel to the sea will accede to the appropriateness of the appellation. The meaning of the term Anderida still remains to be explained. Few words will suffice for that purpose. The authority on which I shall ground my etymology is old Richard, not Richard of Cirencester to whom J. P. refers, but Richard of Coychurch, the celebrated British lexicographer. He says that hendre signifies winter quarters, and da signifies cattle. Hendre y da means, therefore, the winter quarters of the cattle. And I think it not improbable, but very reasonable, to suppose that in that wood, through its whole length of 120 miles, the Britons sheltered themselves, their families, and their cattle during the winter months, and hence the name of the wood. I will now proceed to impugn the statement of J. P. that Arundel stands on the site of Anderida, and that whoever seeks for that ancient city at any other place will lose his labour. The arguments by which J. P. attempts to make good his assertion may be resolved into two heads: first, that a Roman road ran from London to Arundel; and, second, that another Roman road ran from Chichester to Arundel. With regard to the first head, the Roman road which J. P. describes as passing through Dorking and Ockley evidently led to Chichester and not to Arundel. It crossed the river Arun at Pulborough, and just beyond was one of the stations at Hardham. Through the middle of this camp could the Roman road be traced till within the last 18 years, when it was removed by the farmers of Hardham to repair the turnpike road. Part of the earthworks of the camp may probably still remain. From thence the road ascended the hill above Bignor, and there it may still be seen traversing the downs in a direct line to Chichester. As correlative evidence of the direction of the road, though it may be thought superfluous, may be mentioned the noble villa at Bignor, the military bath discovered at Duncton, and the general accompaniment of a Roman road, the farm of Cold Harbour, situated on the side of Bignor Hill. But supposing for a moment that the road had gone to Arundel, how would this circumstance in the slightest degree substantiate J. P.'s statement, and identify Arundel with Anderida? Under the second head, J. P. observes that a Roman road led from Chichester to Arundel, and conjectures that the station "Ad Decimum" was at Binstead. At Binstead, however, it will not be found, and for an obvious reason, because it is situated on the hill near the Ruel wood, and above the Duke of Norfolk's park lodge, in the parish of South Stoke. The distance exactly corresponds, and the Roman road still remains in the park leading from the camp to the river. On the opposite side of the river it passed through the parish of Burpham. The ramparts of this camp have, to a very great extent, been levelled within the last twenty years, and converted into arable land and a plantation. A small part, however, of the east bank may still be seen in the park, cut off by the wall, by the side of which, and through the camp, runs the turnpike road. The position of this camp not only secured the passage of the river, but also commanded a view of Glating Beacon on Bignor Hill, and so kept up the communication with the other Roman line, and also with Chichester. But Arundel, although scarcely two miles distant, cannot be seen from the camp. Can we then bring our selves to suppose that, if Arundel was Anderida, a military station of only ten miles march from Chichester would be placed so near, and yet out of sight? We are rather warranted to conjecture that this hill station (as can be shewn in so many other instances,) was in after years transferred to Arundel for the convenience of its port and the defence of its increasing population, and that the site of the present castle was then converted into a fortress. Two other reasons are also incidentally brought forward by J. P. to favour his assertion, namely, that Arundel belonged to King Alfred, and was once encompassed with walls. These statements may or may not be historically true. But, granting them to be true, what inference can be deduced from them respecting the identity of Arundel with Anderida? Having now shewn the weakness and instability of the ground on which J. P. rests his proof, I will, in conclusion, urge some additional objections against his hypothesis. In the first place we should naturally look for the site of Anderida in the vicinity of the great forest or Weald; but Arundel is at least five miles distant from the Weald, and separated from it by the whole intervening breadth of the South Downs. Secondly, wherever the city existed, we should expect to hear that some vestiges of so important a place, some memorials of its ancient inhabitants, were occasionally brought to light. But when were coins or urns, or British and Roman reliques of any sort or kind, found at Arundel? And, lastly, I would suggest to J. P. the probability that the station "Anderida Portu" in the 15th Iter of Richard of Cirencester is a misnomer, and ought to be printed "Adurni Portu." It is well known that Adurni Portus was a Roman station, and at Bramber can still be traced the ramparts of the camp, within which stands the ruins of the castle. The situation of this camp also agrees with the direction of the 15th Iter along the seacoast. And on reference to the map the station "Ad Decimum" (the hill above South Stoke,) will be found mid-way between "Adurni Portus" (Bramber) and "Regnum" (Chichester), so that the appellation seems remarkably suitable. The long lost site of Anderida, therefore, yet remains to be discovered, and (agreeing with the concurrent opinion of antiquaries,) I should conjecture it must be sought either on the confines of Kent, or on the eastern extremities of Sussex. MR. URBAN, Yours, &c. H. J. Bydews Place, near Maidstone, Jan. 6. IN reference to J. P.'s Observations respecting Anderida, in your Magazine for January, p. 45, the space he alludes to which is left in the Latin text of Richard of Cirencester's 15th Iter to denote an omission, would appear more than was necessarily required for expressing the number of miles; on the other hand it would not appear sufficient for a station and two numbers, as there must have been two numbers if a station had been omitted. By a comparison with the 15th Iter in the same page, it will be seen that a still greater space is left between Noviomagus and London for the number of miles, though in that instance we know that there was no intervening station. The strong presumption therefore is, that the 25 miles apply to the distance between Anderida and ad Lemanum, (the river Rother,) particularly as there is the important Roman fortress of Pevensey Castle, another Silchester almost, at that distance, of which if there were no recorded mention it would be rather strange. In either case, if Chichester is considered Regnum, as generally supposed, the 15th Iter, according to any obvious explanation, does not appear favourable to J. P.'s views. More might be said; however, it will be better to forbear doing so, as I have elsewhere further touched upon some points relating to Anderida. Yours, &c. BEALE POST. MR. URBAN, Park Cottage, Haverstock Hill, 4 Feb. HAVING just read in your Magazine an article upon the red Roman pottery found in this country, in which it is stated, (p. 142,) that I conceive it to be the red ware of Arezzo, as described by Dr. Fabroni, I must correct this part of the statement. In a communication lately addressed to the Society of Antiquaries,* I gave some analysis of Fabroni's work, because the observations of that author are new to our British archæologists, and tend to connect indirectly the fur. naces of Britain and Aretium. At the close of that paper I stated that I considered that the red Roman ware, commonly called Samian, was probably copied in the provinces from the Aretine ware, and I distinctly pointed out, that the ware represented in Fabroni's plates was evidently of finer quality than that found in Britain while the names of the potters differed, and the contractions of. for officina, M. for manu, and F. for fecit or figa linus, common on the British ware, were of rare occurrence on pieces found in Italy. I could never conceive, with the evidence of the actual discovery of the very kilns in England, and the general diffusion of this contested red pottery, that it was entirely an impor.. tation from Italy. There is, however, some reason for supposing that the relief ware was originated by the inhabitants of Italy and Etruria; for early vases found in the Etruscan sepulchres are of a heavy massive black clay, so coloured throughout and decorated with basreliefs, which, even at that period, * See Report of the Society's proceedings in p. 178. were produced from a stamp; perhaps, in some instances, a cylinder of metal with the subject in intaglio was passed round the vase. Such are the black wares of Cervetri, the old Agylla, an Etruscan town, older than the foundation of Rome. Vases of a light red ware, not glazed like the Samian, exhibiting the same peculiarity of work, are found at the same place. This seems the prototype of the red Roman ware, and is to be traced through the secondary vases of the style found in Apulia and the Basilicata, occasionally decorated with bas-reliefs, varnished, fabricated between the period of the second Punic and the Social war, B.C. 220, down to the age of Roman art. From this period vases of red ware decorated with subjects in bas-relief are found all over Greece and the isles of the Archipelago. They differ according to the locality where found, which favours the idea of a local manufacture; while the styles of neighbouring countries much resemble each other, there being scarcely, if any, real perceptible difference between the red ware found in England and that in France. The exportation mentioned by Roman writers must have been comparatively trifling, and only for the use of the wealthier classes, or introduced till the provinces had made sufficient progress in the arts to manufacture for themselves. Yours, &c. SAMUEL BIRCH. MR. URBAN, Lewes, 22nd Jan. THE old moated manor-house of Horselunges, in the parish of Hellingly, co. Sussex, is well deserving of a visit from the antiquarian tourist. From evidence given below it appears to have been ferected in the reign of Henry VII. and during the primacy of Archbishop Morton. It occupies a low site on the little river Cuckmere, which feeds its moat. Externally the building, which is now tenanted as a farm-house, presents nothing remarkable. The front is timber-built, and, for a house in the style to which it belongs, is remarkably destitute of ornament. Some of the doorways of the interior have the flattened arch of the period, with foliated and other ornaments in the narrow spandrels. Several of the windows contain armorial bearings in good preservation. |