EXERCISES.

1. Diligence is a material duty of the young. Industry is a ma erial duty of the young. Proper improvement of time is a material duty of the young.

2. Patience preserves composure within. Patience resists impressions from without. Trouble makes impressions from without.

3. Our sky seems settled and serene. In some unobserved quarter gath ers the little black cloud. In the little black cloud the tempest ferments. In the little black cloud the témpest prepares to discharge itself on our

nead.

4. The benevolent John Howard settled his accounts at the close of the year. He found a balance in his favor. He proposed to his wife to make use of it in a journey to London. He proposed to make use of it in any other amusement she chose. "What a pretty cottage for a poor family it would build!" was her reply. This charitable hint met his cordial approbation. The money was laid out accordingly.

5. A farmer stepped into a field to mend a gap in one of the fences. At his return he found the cradle turned upside down. He had left his only child asleep in the cradle. The clothes were all torn and bloody. His dog was lying near the cradle besmeared also with blood. He immediately conceived that the dog had destroyed his child. He instantly dashed out the dog's brains with the hatchet in his hand. He turned up the cradle. He found his child unhurt. He found an enormous serpent lying dead on the floor. The serpent had been killed by the faithful dog. The courage and fidelity of the dog preserved the life of the child. The courage and fidelity of the dog deserved a very different return.

SECTION VIII

IDEAS SUGGESTED TO FORM SENTENCES.

Let the teacher propose a subject, and each pupil at his suggestion, successively express an idea upon it. Let the ideas be written down as first expressed, and afterward re-written in simple or compound sentences, as the sense may require :

EXAMPLE.

Write about Silver. Name some of its properties. It is brilliant. It ta sonorous. It is ductile. Where is it found? In various parts of the world. Particularly in South America. At Potosi. What are its uses? It is coined into money. It is manufactured into silvér-plate.

Silver is a brilliant, sonorous, and ductile metal. It is found in various parts of the world, and particularly at Potosi in South America. It is coined into money, and manufactured into silver-plate.

V.-ARRANGEMENT OF SENTENCES.

THE ARRANGEMENT of words in sentences is eitner grammatical or rhetorical.

mmatical arrangement is the order in which words are usually placed in speaking and writing.

Rhetorical arrangement is that order of the words, in which the emphatical parts of the sentence are placed first.

The rhetorical arrangement is used chiefly in poetry and impassioned

prose.

The principal rules for arranging words in sentences are as follows:

I. In sentences grammatically arranged, the subject or nominative is generally placed before the verb; as, "The birds sing;" "To obey is better than sacrifice."

In sentences rhetorically arranged, the subject or nominative is often placed after the verb; as, "Shines forth the cheerful sun;" ""Great is Diana of the Ephe

sians."

The nominative is also placed after the verb in the following instances: 1. When the sentence is interrogative; as. "e riches make men hap py?"

"Were it true.” "There was a

2. When the sentence is imperative; as, "Go thou." 3. When a supposition is expressed by an ellipsis; as, 4. When the sentence begins with there, here, &c.; as, commotion among the people ;" "Here are five loaves." 5. In such phrases as, said he, replied they, &c. II. The article is always placed before the noun, whose signification it limits; as, "A table;" ." " An inkstand;" "The book."

1. When the noun is qualified by an adjective, the article is placed be fore the adjective; as, "A large house."

2. The indefinite article is placed between the noun and the adjectives many and such; and also between the noun and all adjectives which are preceded by as, so, too, and how; as, "Many a man has attained independ ence by industry and perseverance;" "Such a misfortune has seldom hap pened" "So great a multitude;" "How mighty a prince!"

3. The definite article is placed between the noun and the adjective all 88, "All the people are assembled."

III. In sentences grammatically arranged, the ad jective is generally placed before the noun which i qualifies; as, "A beautiful tree;" "A swift horse."

In sentences rhetorically arranged, the adjective when it is emphatic, is sometimes placed at the be

ginning of the sentence; as, "Just and true are ali thy ways."

The adjective is frequently placed after the noun in the following instan

ces:

1. When it is used as a title; as, "Alexander the Great."

2. When other words depend upon it; as, "A man generous to his ene

mies."

3. When several adjectives belong to one noun; as, “A man wise, jusí, and charitable."

4. When the adjective expresses dimension; as, "A wall ten feet high." 5. When it expresses the effect of an active verb; as, "Vice renders men miserable."

6. When a neuter verb comes between it and the noun or pronoun; as, "It seems strange."

IV. The pronoun of the third person is placed after that of the second; and the pronoun of the first person after those of the second and third; as, "You and I will go;" ;" "Shall it be given to you, to him, or to me?" V. In sentences grammatically arranged, the active verb is generally placed before the word which it governs; as, "If you respect me, do not despise my friend."

In sentences rhetorically arranged, the active verb is frequently placed after the word which it governs; as, "Silver and gold have I none."

The active verb is also placed after relative pronouns; as, "He is a man whom I greatly esteem."

VI. In sentences grammatically arranged, the infinitive mood is placed after the verb which governs it; as, "He loves to learn."

In sentences rhetorically arranged, the infinitive mood, when emphatic, is placed before the word which governs it; as, "Go I must, whatever may ensue.

VII. Adverbs are generally placed immediately be fore or immediately after the words which they qualify; as, "Very good;" "He acted wisely."

Adverbs, when emphatic, are sometimes placed at the beginning of a sentence; as, "How completely his passion has blinded him!"

VIII. Prepositions are generally placed before the words which they govern; as, "With me;" "To them."

In familiar language, prepositions are sometimes placed after the words which they govern, and even at a distance from them; as, "Such con. duct I am at a loss to account for."

IX. Conjunctions are placed between the words or clauses which they connect; as, "Come and see;"

"Be cautious; but speak the truth."

1. Conjunctions of one syllable, with the exception of then, are always placed first in the clauses or sentences which they connect; as, "Virtue is praised by many, and doubtless would be desired also, if her worth were really known: see, then, that you do as she requires."

2. Conjunctions of more than one syllable (with the exception of whereas, which must always be the first word in the sentence or clause) may be transferred to the place where they are the most agreeable to the ear in reading; as, "Piety and holiness will make our whole life happy; whereas sinful pursuits will yield only a few scattered pleasures. Let us diligently cultivate the former, therefore, while we carefully abstain from the latter."

SECTION I.

VARIETY OF ARRANGEMENT.

Vary the arrangement of the following sentences by transposing the members or clauses :

EXAMPLE.

I had long before now repented of my roving course of life, but I could not free my mind from the love of travel.

Of my roving course of life I had long before now repented, but from the love of travel I could not free my mind.

I could not free my mind from the love of travel, though I had long before now repented of my roving course of life.

From the love of travel I could not free my mind, though of my roviag course of life I had long before now repented.

EXERCISES.

1. The Roman state evidently declined in proportion to the increase of luxury.

2. For all that you think, and speak, and do, you must at the last day

account.

3. The greatness of mind which shows itself in dangers and labors, if it wants justice, is blamable.

4. It is a fact, about which men now rarely differ, that the paper-mill and the printing-press are inventions for which we can not be too thankful.*

SECTION II.

VARIETY OF ARRANGEMENT (continued).

Change the grammatical into the rhetorical arrangement in the following passages:

EXAMPLE.

You may set my fields on fire, and give my children to the sword; you may drive myself forth a houseless, childless beggar, or load me with the fetters of slavery; but you never can conquer the hatred I feel to your op pression.

* Exercises similar to those under Sections I., II., III., IV., V., may be prescribed from the reading-lessons of a class.

My fields you may set on fire, and my children give to the sword; my self you may drive forth a houseless, childless beggar, or load with the fetters of slavery; but the hatred I feel to your oppression never can you

conquer.

EXERCISES.

1. All the Jews, who knew me from the beginning, if they would testify, know my manner of life from my youth, which was at the first among mine own nation at Jerusalem, that I lived a Pharisee after the straitest sect of our religion.

2. I weep for Cæsar, as he loved me; I rejoice, as he was fortunate; 1 nonor him, as he was valiant; but I slew him, as he was ambitious.

3. The noon of day is calm. The inconstant sun flies over the green hill. The stream of the mountain comes down red, through the stony vale. O Morar! thou wert tall on the hill; fair among the sons of the plain. Thy wrath was as the storm; thy sword, in battle, as lightning in the field. Thy voice was like thunder on distant hills. But how peaceful was thy brow when thou didst return from war! Thy face was like the Bun after rain; calm as the breast of the lake when the loud wind is hushed into repose. Thy dwelling is narrow now the place of thine abode is dark. O thou who wast so great before! I compass thy grave with three steps.

SECTION III.

VARIETY OF ARRANGEMENT (continued).

Charge passages of poetry into prose, making such alterations, both in arrangement and in structure, as the meaning and harmony of the sentences require :

EXAMPLE.

A solitary blessing few can find;

Our joys with those we love are intertwined;

And he whose wakeful tenderness removes

Th' obstructing thorn which wounds the friend he loves,
Smooths not another's rugged path alone,

But scatters roses to adorn his own.

Few can find a solitary blessing; our joys are intertwined with those whom we love; and he, whose wakeful tenderness removes the thors which wounds his friend, not only smooths the rugged path of another, but scatters roses to adorn his own.*

SECTION IV.

EXPRESSION OF IDEAS.

Let the pupil express the ideas contained . the following passages, in sentences of his own construction and arrangement:

EXAMPLE.

When a man says, in conversation, that it is fine weather, does he mean o inform you of the fact? Surely not; for every one knows it as well as he does. He means to communicate his agreeable feelings.

Let EXERCISES be drawn from the poetry in the latter part of this volume.