The Cumbrian Plain, in the N. of Cumberland. VALLEYS.-After the large river valleys of the Thames, Severn, Ouse, &c., the following may be mentioned :

V. of Catmoss, in Rutland; V. of Belvoir, in Leicestershire; Dovedale, in Derbyshire; V. of Worcester; V. of Evesham, in Worcestershire; V. of Berkeley, in Gloucestershire; V. of Aylesbury, in Bucks; V. of White Horse, in Berks; V. of Pewsey, in Wilts; V. of Blackmore, in Dorset; V. of Glamorgan, in South Wales; V. of Llangollen, in Denbighshire.

COAST-LINE.Having considered the surface of the country, the outline, which is also dependent upon the mountain system, now requires study. In shape, it roughly resembles a triangle, the longest side turned to the W. It is bounded by the sea on every side except, for a distance of nearly 70 miles on the N., where it joins Scotland. The coast is very much indented, particularly on the W.; the total length of the coastline being upwards of 2,000 miles, giving 1 mile of coast to 29 sq. miles of area. This and its position (at the centre of the land hemisphere), give great commercial advantages.

Capes. The principal capes are,—

On the E., Flamborough Head and Spurn Pt., in Yorkshire; Lowestoft Ness, the most easterly point, in Suffolk; The Naze, Foulness, and Shoebury Ness, in Essex; N. and S. Forelands, in Kent.

On the S., Dungeness, in Kent; Beachy Hd. and Selsey Bill, in Sussex; St. Catherine's Pt. and The Needles, in the Isle of Wight; St. Alban's Hd. and Portland Bill, in Dorset; Berry Hd., Start Pt., and Prawle Pt., in Devon; The Lizard, the most southerly point, in Cornwall. Eddystone Lighthouse, about 9 miles south of the coast of Cornwall, is built on the Eddystone Rock.

On the W., Land's End, the most westerly point, in Cornwall; Hartland Pt., in Devonshire; Worm's Hd., in Glamorgan; St. Gowen's Hd., St. David's Hd., and

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Strumble Hd., in Pembroke; Braichy Pwll, in Caernarvonshire; Linas Hd., in Anglesey; Gt. Orme's Hd., in Denbighshire; Point of Aire, in Flintshire; Formby Pt., and Rossal Pt., in Lancashire; St. Bee's Hd., in Camberland; Pt. of Ayr, in the Isle of Man.

Estuaries, Bays, &c.-On the East, connected with the German Ocean: Tees Bay, Bridlington Bay, The Humber (formed by the junction of the Ouse and Trent), The Wash, and the Mouth of the Thames. On the South, connected with the English Channel: Portsmouth Harbour, Southampton Water, Poole Harbour, Tor B., Plymouth Sound, Falmouth B., and Mount's B. On the West, connected with the Atlantic Ocean: St. Ives B., Bude B., Barnstaple B., Bristol Cl., Mouth of the Severn, Swansea B., and Caermarthen B.; connected with St. George's Channel: Milford Haven, St. Bride's B., and Cardigan B.; connected with the Irish Sea: the Mouths of the Dee, Mersey, and Ribble, Morecambe B., and the Solway Firth. Milford Haven

is the largest natural harbour. Plymouth Sound is protected by a breakwater, one mile long, formed of huge blocks of stone. At the mouth of the Severn, owing to the shape of the land, and its facing the tidal wave from the Atlantic, the tide rises to the height of 60 feet. Owing to the shallows the navigation here is difficult.

Straits, Roadsteads, &c.-Yarmouth Roads, off the coast of Norfolk; The Downs, between the coast of Kent and the Goodwin Sands; Strait of Dover, joining the North Sea and the English Channel, only 21 miles across; Spithead and the Solent, between the Isle of Wight and the mainland; The Menai Strait, between the Isle of Anglesey and Caernarvon, crossed by two bridges, viz., a suspension bridge, and a tubular railway bridge. The east coast, it will be observed, is rather deficient in good natural harbours, but they are numerous along the W. and S. coasts.

Islands. The smaller islands round the coast are not numerous, the principal are,— —on the East, Holy I.

or Lindisfarn, only an island at high water; Fern I., and Coquet Isle, where eider down is collected, E. of Northumberland. Isles of Sheppey and Thanet (the latter only an island in name), off the coast of Kent. On the South, Portsea Island, and the Isle of Wight, which, from its fertility, has been named the "Garden of England," to the S. of Hants; area 135 sq. miles. Isles of Purbeck and Portland, really peninsulas; both noted for building stone, to the S. of Dorset. The Channel Islands (Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark), near the coast of France, have belonged to England since the time of William I. St. Helier, in Jersey, is the chief town. On the West, Scilly Isles, only 6 of which are inhabited, about 30 miles S.W. of Cornwall; St. Mary is the largest. Lundy Island, at the entrance of the Bristol Channel. Bardsey Isle, S. of Caernarvon; Anglesey, to the N.E. of Caernarvon, from which it is separated by the Menai Strait, (Holy Island, on the W., is an island at high tide only); area about 270 sq. miles. Walney Isle, off the coast of Furness. The Isle of Man, in the Irish Sea, is about equally distant from England, Scotland, and Ireland. A range of mountains runs from N. to S., highest point Snea Fell (2004 ft.); area 220 sq. miles. Chief towns -Douglas, Castletown, Ramsey, and Peel.

Springs.-Mineral Springs at Bath and Clifton, in Somerset; Buxton and Matlock, in Derbyshire; Harrowgate, in Yorkshire; Cheltenham, in Gloucestershire; Leamington, in Warwick; Gt. Malvern, in Worcester; and Tunbridge Wells, in Kent.

Rivers. The country is well watered; most of the large streams flow to the E.

Flowing into the German Ocean.-The Tyne, formed by the union of the N. and S. Tyne, the former rising in the Cheviot Hills, and the latter in Crossfell in the Pennine Chain; length 80 miles; chief towns-Newcastle, N. and S. Shields, and Tynemouth.-Wear, rises E. of Crossfell; length 70 miles; chief towns-Durham, Sunderland, and

Monk Wearmouth.-Tees, rises also in Crossfell; length 75 miles; chief towns-Darlington, Stockton, Middlesborough, and Hartlepool.-Yorkshire Ouse, formed by the confluence of the Swale and Ure, which rise in the Pennines. Tributaries on the R. bank, Nidd, Wharfe, Aire, Calder, and Don; on the L. bank, the Derwent. Length 150 miles; chief townsYork, Selby and Goole. On the Ure, Ripon; On the Aire, Leeds; On the Calder, Halifax, Dewsbury, and Wakefield; On the Don, Sheffield, Rotherham, and Doncaster.-The Trent, rises in the Staffordshire Moorlands. Tributaries on the R. bank, Tame and Soar; on the L. bank, the Dove, Derwent, and the Idle. Length 180 miles; chief towns-Burton, Nottingham, Newark, and Gainsborough. On the Derwent, Derby and Matlock; On the Soar, Leicester and Loughborough.-The Witham, rises in the Lincolnshire Heights; length 60 miles; Chief towns-Lincoln and Boston.-Welland, source in the Central Table-land; length 80 miles; chief towns-Market Harborough and Stamford.—The Nen, rises in the Central Tableland; length 90 miles. Chief towns - Northampton and Peterborough.-Great Ouse, source in the Central Table-land; tributaries on R. bank, Cam, Lark, and Little Ouse. Length 160 miles, chief towns-Buckingham, Bedford, St. Neots, Huntingdon, St. Ives, Ely, and King's Lynn. On the Cam, Cambridge; On the Lark, Bury St. Edmunds.-The Yare (tributary, the Wensum) and the Waveney unite at Yarmouth; sources in the East Anglian Heights; Chief towns-Norwich, on the Wensum, and Yarmouth.-Orwell, rises in the East Anglian Heights; chief town-Ipswich.—The Stour, rises in the East Anglian Heights; chief townsSudbury and Harwich.-Colne, source in East Anglian Heights. Chief town-Colchester.-Blackwater, unites at its mouth with the Chelmer, both rise in the East Anglian Heights. Chief town on the Chelmer, Chelmsford.

The Thames (above Oxford called the Isis), rises the Seven Springs," at the foot of the Cotswold

Hills. Tributaries on the R. bank, Ock, Kennet, Wey, Mole, Ravensbourne, and Darent; on the L. bank, Coln, Leach, Windrush, Evenlode, Cherwell, Thame, Colne, Brent, Lea, and Roding. Length 215 miles. Chief towns-Oxford, Abingdon, Reading, Gt. Marlow, Eton, Windsor, Runnymede, Kingston, Richmond, Kew, London, Deptford, Greenwich, Woolwich, Gravesend, and Sheerness. On the Kennet, Newbury; On the Wey, Guildford; On the Mole, Dorking; On the Windrush, Witney; On the Cherwell, Banbury; On the Thame, Aylesbury; On the Colne, St. Albans and Uxbridge; On the Lea, Dunstable, Ware, and Hertford-Medway, source in the Wealden Heights; length 60 miles; chief towns-Tunbridge, Maidstone, Rochester, and Chatham.-Stour, rises in the N. Downs; chief towns-Ashford and Canterbury.

Flowing into the English Channel.-The Rother, rises in the Wealden Heights; chief towns-Rye and Winchelsea. Ouse, source in the Wealden Heights; chief towns-Lewes and Newhaven.—Arun, source in Hind Head; chief towns-Arundel and Littlehampton.The Itchin, rises to the W. of the Alton Hills ; chief towns-Winchester and Southampton.-Test, source to the S. of Inkpen Beacon.-Avon, rises to the N. of Salisbury Plain; tributary on R. bank, Wiley; length 70 miles, the longest entering the English Channel; chief towns-Salisbury and Ringwood.Stour, source in the E. of Salisbury Plain, at its mouth joins the Avon.-Frome, source in the Dorset Heights; chief towns-Dorchester and Poole.-The Exe, rises in the Devonshire Heights; length 55 miles; chief towns-Tiverton and Exeter.—Dart, rises in Dartmoor; chief town-Dartmouth.—Tamar, rises in the Cornish Heights; length 50 miles; chief townsLaunceston and Devonport; joined by the Plym, on which stands Plymouth.

Flowing into the Bristol Channel.-Torridge, source in the Cornish Heights; chief town-Bideford.— Tawe, source in Dartmoor; chief town-Barnstaple.— Parret, rises in the Dorset Heights. Tributary on