Turnus' violentia; Messapus, the treaty-breaker (xii. 289); and Ufens, leader of the robber-tribe of Acqui (vii. 745 sqq.). Remulus, his brotherin-law, is chief of a similar tribe (ix. 603 sqq.): and Cisseus and Gyas (x. 317), Caeculus, the son of Vulcan (vii. 678), and Metabus, the father of Camilla (xi. 539, 567), are minor characters which illustrate the same general conception.

1-4. tu quoque, i. e. besides Misenus and Palinurus. et nunc, etc., 'thy fame still haunts thy place of rest, and a name in the great Hesperian land commemorates thy bones—if that honour be of any worth.' qua by attraction for quid, a common idiom. signat, some MSS. read signant, which would mean 'impress thy name:' but signat is no doubt right. The modern name of the place is Gaeta.

8. in noctem, ' far into the night,' i. e. they do not die away at sunset. 10. Circaeae terrae, i. e. the promontory of Circeii, though Homer, Od. x. 135 sqq., makes Circe's home an island, and Virgil himself (iii. 386) speaks of Aeaeae insula Circae. The connection of Circeii with Circe is part of the post-Homeric localisation of the legends of Odysseus along the coasts of the Mare Tyrrhenum by early Greek traders. So Aeolus was placed in the Lipari Islands, the Sirens at Miзenum, the Laestrygones at Caieta and Formiae; and, according to one tradition, Latinus was the son of Odysseus and Circe.

11-14. inaccessos, 'unapproachable,' because of her enchantments. resonat, 'makes to ring,' so only here and in an imitation by Sil. Ital. xiv. 30. In Od. x. 221 sqq. Odysseus' companions as they approach hear Circe singing at her loom-dáπedov d' åñav åμpiμéμvkev. arguto, of sound, as G. i. 143 arguta serra.

15. gemitus iraeque, hendiadys, 'angry growls.'

19, 20. 'Whom from their human shape the cruel goddess with her powerful spells had thrown into the guise and form of beasts.' induerat in, for the constr. cp. G. i. 187 cum se nux plurima silvis Induet in florem. 26-28. lutea, xроkóweпλos, Il. viii. 1, etc. posuere, 'sank,' i. e. se posuere ; cp. x. 103 tum Zephyri posuere. lento, 'sluggish.'

34. mulcebant, were lulling' (Con.); cp. Lucr. iv. 136 (nubes) Aera mulcentes motu ('fanning the air ').

37-45. This invocation marks the actual beginning of the second and principal half of the poem (see Introd. to this book), the maius opus, as it is termed below (1. 45).

37. Erato, cp. Αpoll. R. iii. 1 εἰ δ ̓ ἄγε νῦν, Ερατώ, παρά θ ̓ ἵστασο, καί μοι Evione. There, however, the Muse of Love is invoked to tell of the loves of Jason and Medea. Here the invocation is not specially appropriate. tempora rerum, 'posture of affairs,' cp. Lucr. v. 1275 (of changes in the value of different metals) Sic volvenda aetas commutat tempora rerum, Hor. Sat. i. 3. 112 Tempora si fastosque velis evolvere mundi.

40. primae exordia pugnae, i. e. prima exordia pugnae.

42. animis, 'courage.' in funera, 'to their death' (e. g. Turnus and Mezentius).

43. Tyrrhenamque manum, an allusion to the Tyrrhenians or Tuscans, who revolted against the brutal tyrant Mezentius, and allied themselves with Aeneas.

44, 45. maior, etc., grander is the theme that rises before me, loftier the task I essay.' moveo, lit. 'stir;' cp. cantusque movete, 1. 641 below. 49. refert, 'calls,' or 'claims.'

51. nulla fuit, 'was no more;' cp. Virg. Catalect. xiv. 7 sed tu Nullus cris.

52. servabat, 'remained in;' cp. Georg. iv. 459 hydrum servantem ripas.

55. ante alios, etc., for the pleonastic superlative cp. i. 347 Scelere ante alios immanior omnes.

59. in penetralibus, i. e. in the atrium, or central court. 60. sacra comam, i. e. its leaves had never been clipped.

66. per mutua=per vices mutuas, 'linking feet with feet.' Lucretius uses mutua adverbially=invicem, e laevo sit mutua dexter iv. 301 : and Prof. Nettleship suggests that permutua may be neut. plur. of a lost adj. permutuus, with a similar adverbial construction. Cp., however, per tacitum ix. 31, and Tac. Ann. i. 75 erogandae per honesta pecuniae. 69. easdem, the same as the bees.

donis.

71. adolet, 'kindles.' adolere=1. 'to increase' (root ol, cp. adulescens), and so to 'heap up,''pile up :' cp. Lucret. iv. 1237 adolentque altaria 2. 'to burn,' especially in a sacrificial sense, as in the present passage. Cp. Ov. Met. i. 492 Utque leves stipulae demptis adolentur aristis. It is suggested that the second sense is derived from the first, to increase' or 'honour' by sacrifice leading to the meaning 'to burn.' But Prof. Nettleship (Contributions to Latin Lexicography) prefers to derive the word in its second sense from a different base, al, seen in altare.

74. ornatum, as comas and coronam in the next line, is an instance of the acc. after a passive verb, in imitation of the Greek construction. The Latin examples resemble sometimes the Greek Middle (#poßáλdeoðaι TÌv ἀσπίδα), sometimes the Greek Passive (ἐκκόπτεσθαι τὸν ὀφθαλμόν). Cp. iv. 518 unum exula pedem vinclis, G. iii. 106 inscripti nomina regum flores.

75-77. 'Her queenly locks ablaze, ablaze her coronal, rich with gems, till at last she was wrapt in smoke and yellow glare, and scattered fiery sparks o'er all the palace.' que ='both,' and should have been followed by a second que, but the repetition of accensa does instead. Cp. Ecl. iv. 6 iam redit et Virgo, redeunt Saturnia regna.

78, 79. ferri, 'was bruited' (as indeed an awful portent). canebant, 'foretold,' oracles being often delivered in verse: cp. iii. 373 haec deinde canit divino ex ore sacerdos.

83. Albunea here apparently denotes a wooded hill, with a sulphurous spring. We know from Lactant. Inst. i. 6 that there was a Sibyl called

Albunea, worshipped at Tibur; and Horace (Od. i. 7. 12) speaks of domus Albuneae resonantis in connection with praeceps Anio et Tiburni lucus. Probably therefore the spring or fountain is to be identified with the sulphurous waters of the Albula, which falls into the Anio near Tibur. Mr. Burn, however (Rome and the Campagna,' p. 399), thinks another sulphurous spring called Altieri, on the road to Ardea, is meant.

88. incubuit; priests or people slept in temples to obtain prophetic dreams or a divine cure for disease: Plaut. Curc. ii. 2. 16 Nihil est mirandum, melius si nihil sit tibi (after seeing Aesculapius in a dream), Namque incubare satius te fuerat Iovi. So Greek ¿yroμãσdai, etc., Hdt. viii. 134.

91. Acheronta, i. e. the powers of hell: so 1. 312 below, Flectere si nequeo superos Acheronta movebo. imis Avernis, abl. of place, 'addresses Acheron in the depths of Avernus.'

92. et tum, 'then too,' as on other occasions.

96. conubiis, either a trisyllable by synizesis, or else, as Munro argues on Lucret. iii. 776, the " is short: cp. innubus, pronŭba.

98-101. ferant, subj. after final qui, 'to raise our name to heaven '-i.e. make it renowned. The transition to a simple relative clause in quorumque ... videbunt ('men, whose descendants,' etc.) no doubt suggested the v. 1. ferent. utrumque, i. c. on the east and the west. vertique regique, I move under their sway:' the world itself shall revolve in obedience to them.

106. religavit ab, ' fastened from,' where we should say 'fastened to,' the Latin and English idioms looking at the act from different points of view.

110. subiiciunt liba epulis, i. e. imponunt epulas libis. ipse, so most MSS. Ille, which is supported by Priscian and Servius, would mean ‘great Jupiter,' the demonstrative having occasionally this force: cp. Aen. ii. 779 aut ille sinit superi regnator Olympi

111.

And load the wheaten surface with wild fruits.' Cereale solum being a dignified expression for a cake used as a plate.

113. edendi =TOû kobiet, i. e. an abstract verbal substantive used for the concrete idea of food: cp. signa sequendi v. 590.

115. quadris, a term for flat cakes or biscuits marked with squares: cp. Athenaeus iii. 114 Ε βλωμιαίους ἄρτους τοὺς ἔχοντας ἐντομάς, οὓς 'Ρωμαῖοι Kodpáтovs (quadratos) Xéyovow: the process is described in 'Moretum,' 47 et notat, impressis aequo discrimine quadris. Some flat round loaves scored into squares have been found at Herculaneum; see Mayor on Juv. v. 2 aliena vivere quadra.

116-119. "What! eating even our tables?" says Iulus in jest; that and no more. That word first proclaimed our troubles' end; at once his father caught it from his lips, and, awestruck with the omen, checked his speech.' pressit, that he might not impair the omen by saying more. prima and primam have a slightly different sense.

122. For the position of namque cp. v. 733 non me impia namque Tartara habent.

123. This prophecy is ascribed to Celaeno iii. 257: a discrepancy which (among others) tends to show that the third book was written independently of the other books of the Aeneid.

128, 129. This is that hunger of which he spoke; this was awaiting us at last to put an end to our destruction.' Ribbeck adopts exiliis from one inferior MS.; but no change is necessary.

134. reponite mensis, 'set back again on the tables,' i. e. renew the banquet.

135-140. 'Aeneas worships (1) the local divinities, (2) those of the coming hour (Night, etc.), (3) those of his country (Jove of Trojan Ida and Cybele), (4) his parental divinities, Venus and Anchises' (Kenn.). caelo Ereboque, local ablatives.

141–143. clarus, 'aloud' (so as to be clearly heard); cp. Lucret. v. 947 Ut nunc montibus e magnis decursus aquai Claru' citat late sitientia saecla ferarum. Con. regards it as in claro caclo. In what follows, nubem is best taken literally-'a cloud lit up with rays of golden light,' which Jupiter is poetically said to brandish in token of approval, as elsewhere the thunderbolt in token of wrath.

147. vina coronant,' wreathe the wine-cups' with garlands of flowers. An obvious Homeric parallel is the phrase κρητῆρας ἐπεστέψαντο ποτοίο (ΙΙ. i. 470, etc.), which however='fill to the brim.' See Aen. i. 724. 152. ordine ab omni, 'from every class.'

153, 154. oratores, 'ambassadors' (lit. 'pleaders'); an old Roman term, as in the law preserved Cic. Legg. ii. 9. 21 Foederum, pacis, belli, induliarum oratores, fetiales, iudicesve sunto. velatos may, as Con. suggests, mean bearing wreathed boughs of olive,' being parallel to 'IKTηplois κλάδοισιν ἐξεστεμμένοι Soph. Ο. Τ. 3 (= κλάδους ἐξεστεμμένους ἔχοντες), and referring to the practice of wreathing olive-branches with wool as a sign of supplication. But the plain sense 'decked (or shaded) with olive-branches' seems better.

157-159. humili, 'shallow.' molitur, 'prepares;' so terram molitus aratro G. i. 394, molirier arva Lucr. v. 934. The idea is that of breaking the ground. pinnis, 'battlements' of a parapet, made of twisted boughs.

160. A hypermetric verse; cp. G. i. 295 decoquit umor | em. In most examples of this license in Virgil the hypermetric syllable is que. See Introd. p. xix.

163. equis, instr. abl.

164. acres, strong,' a word properly only appropriate to living things, but here applied vividly to the bow. lenta, 'tough.'

105. lacessunt, sc. sese, challenge each other in race and in boxing.' 107-169. in veste,' with garb unknown;' cp. iv. 518 in veste recincta. medius, in the centre of the tectum augustum described below. This

R

Albunea, worshipped at Tibur; and Horace (Od. i. 7. 12) speaks of domus Albuneae resonantis in connection with praeceps Anio et Tiburni lucus. Probably therefore the spring or fountain is to be identified with the sulphurous waters of the Albula, which falls into the Anio near Tibur. Mr. Burn, however (Rome and the Campagna,' p. 399), thinks another sulphurous spring called Altieri, on the road to Ardea, is meant.

88. incubuit; priests or people slept in temples to obtain prophetic dreams or a divine cure for disease: Plaut. Curc. ii. 2. 16 Nihil est mirandum, melius si nihil sit tibi (after seeing Aesculapius in a dream), Namque incubare satius te fuerat Iovi. So Greek èykoiμâσdai, etc., Hdt. viii. 134.

91. Acheronta, i. e. the powers of hell: so 1. 312 below, Flectere si nequeo superos Acheronta movebo. imis Avernis, abl. of place, 'addresses Acheron in the depths of Avernus.'

92. et tum, 'then too,' as on other occasions.

98. conubiis, either a trisyllable by synizesis, or else, as Munro argues on Lucret. iii. 776, the u is short: cp. innůbus, pronůba.

98-101. ferant, subj. after final qui, 'to raise our name to heaven '—i. e. make it renowned. The transition to a simple relative clause in quorumque

videbunt ('men, whose descendants,' etc.) no doubt suggested the v. I. ferent. utrumque, i. e. on the east and the west. vertique regique, 'move under their sway' the world itself shall revolve in obedience to them.

106. religavit ab, ' fastened from,' where we should say 'fastened to,' the Latin and English idioms looking at the act from different points of view.

110. subiiciunt liba epulis, i. e. imponunt epulas libis. ipse, so most MSS. Ille, which is supported by Priscian and Servius, would mean ‘great Jupiter,' the demonstrative having occasionally this force: cp. Aen. ii. 779 aut ille sinit superi regnator Olympi.

111. And load the wheaten surface with wild fruits.' Cereale solum being a dignified expression for a cake used as a plate.

113. edendi Toû kodíei, i. e. an abstract verbal substantive used for the concrete idea of food: cp. signa sequendi v. 590.

115. quadris, a term for flat cakes or biscuits marked with squares: cp. Athenaeus iii. 114 Ε βλωμιαίους ἄρτους τοὺς ἔχοντας ἐντομάς, οὓς 'Ρωμαῖοι Kodpáтovs (quadratos) λéyovoiv: the process is described in Moretum,' 47 et notat, impressis aequo discrimine quadris. Some flat round loaves scored into squares have been found at Herculaneum; see Mayor on Juv. v. 2 aliena vivere quadra.

116-119. "What! eating even our tables?" says Iulus in jest; that and no more. That word first proclaimed our troubles' end; at once his father caught it from his lips, and, awestruck with the omen, checked his speech.' pressit, that he might not impair the omen by saying more. prima and primam have a slightly different sense.