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LXVII.

QUESTIONS ON THE MAP.

General. What province of the Dominion of Canada is a peninsula? What one north of Nova Scotia is an island? What one is west of Prince Edward Island? Northwest of New Brunswick? West of Quebec? West of Ontario? On the Pacific? What districts border on Manitoba? On British Columbia? What is the capital of the Dominion? (Ottawa.) Where situated? What large island east of the Dominion? (Newfoundland.) What provinces and districts are crossed by the Canadian Pacific Railway?

Nova Scotia.-What island in the eastern part of Nova Scotia? What four capes on the coast? What bay west? What city is the capital? What town on the southeastern coast?

Prince Edward Island.-What waters surround Prince Edward Island? What town is the capital?

New Brunswick.-What three boundary rivers has New Brunswick ? Which is the principal river? What cities on it? What bay on the north? On the south? What city is the capital?

Quebec. In the valley of what river does the Province of Quebec lie? What river separates Quebec from Ontario? What branch of the St. Lawrence is the outlet of Lake Champlain? Name the two chief cities on the St. Lawrence. Which is the capital?

Ontario. What lakes border on the Province of Ontario? In what part is the peninsula? What bay north of the peninsula? What lake in the peninsula? What cities on or near Lake Ontario? Which is the capital? What city southwest of Hamilton?

Manitoba.-What river enters Manitoba from the south? What large lakes in this province? What is the capital?

British Columbia.—What mountains form part of the eastern boundary of British Columbia? What is the capital? Which is the principal river? What islands on the coast? What waters surround Vancouver Island? What town on Frazer River? At end of Canadian Pacific Ry.? Districts and Territories.-Name the five districts. The capital of four of these. (Regina.) The Territory? What river flows into Winnipeg Lake from the west? What river is the outlet of Winnipeg Lake?

Cities and Towns.-In what part of the province? How situated ?— OTTAWA? HALIFAX? Yarmouth? Pictou? FREDERICKTON? St. John? CHARLOTTE TOWN? QUEBEC? Montreal? TORONTO? Hamilton? London? Kingston? WINNIPEG? New Westminster? VICTORIA? ST. JOHNS? Battleford? REGINA? VANCOUVER?

Islands. Where situated?-Newfoundland? St. Pierre? Miquelon? Prince Edward? Cape Breton? Vancouver? Queen Charlotte? Capes. From what coast does it project-Race? Bauld? Ray? North? Canso? Sable? Breton?

Gulfs and Bays.- Where is it?-St. Lawrence? Fundy? Chaleur? Georgian? Georgia?

Straits.-Between what lands? What waters does it connect ?-Belle Isle? Northumberland? Juan de Fuca? Queen Charlotte Sound?

Rivers. Where does it rise? In what direction does it flow? Into what body of water?-St. John? St. Lawrence? Richelieu? Ottawa? Saskatchawan? Frazer? St. Croix? Restigouche? Red River of the North?

Lakes.- Where situated? What outlet ?-Winnipegoos? Winnipeg? Manitoba? Simcoe?

LXIX.

CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND: DESCRIPTION. 1. Divisions.-British America comprises about one third of the continent of North America, together with many adjacent islands. Its chief divisions are the Dominion of Canada and the Province of Newfoundland.

Besides these there are the Bermudas, the Bahamas, Jamaica, and many other colonies in the West Indies.

2. The Dominion of Canada has an area of about three and a half millions of square miles, or nearly the same as that of the United States. Its population is about four and one half millions. Ottawa is the capital.

It is a confederation, consisting of the provinces of Quebec,
Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island,

British Columbia, Manitoba, five Districts, and the Northeast and Northwest Territories. Newfoundland, to which belongs the Labrador coast, is not included in the confederation.

3. Government.-The chief executive officer is the Governor-General, who is appointed by the sovereign of Great Britain. The Legislature consists of two branches. The members of the lower branch are elected by the people; the members of the other branch are appointed by the Governor-General. Each province has a similar government under a Lieutenant-Governor.

4. Climate.-The winter climate is severe, except in the southern parts of British Columbia and of Ontario. 5. Surface.-British Columbia and the provinces east of Manitoba are great forest regions. Between the Rocky Mountains and Manitoba are extensive prairies.

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ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.

6. Commercial routes.-The chief commercial water route is the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes.

The rapids of the St. Lawrence above Montreal, and the falls of the Niagara and St. Marys rivers, are passed by means of canals. There are about 12,000 miles of railway. The great trunk lines are: The Intercolonial, from Halifax to Quebec; the Grand Trunk, from Portland, Maine, to the St. Clair River; and the Canadian Pacific, a great transcontinental road from Quebec to the Pacific Ocean. In winter the communication of the interior provinces with the ocean is largely through the United States. 7. Trade. The principal trade of the provinces is with the United States and Great Britain. The chief exports are lumber, grain, animal products, live-stock, and fish.

8. Nova Scotia.-Nova Scotia has many good harbors and valuable fisheries, and exports sheep, coal, and gypsum, or plaster of Paris. Halifax, the capital and largest city, is an important British naval station.

9. Prince Edward Island.-Prince Edward Island has a fertile soil, and agriculture is the leading occupation. Charlotte Town is the capital.

10. New Brunswick.-New Brunswick is noted for its timber forests. Its chief exports are lumber and fish.

13. Manitoba.-Manitoba is noted for the production of wheat. Winnipeg, on Red River of the North, is the capital and chief town. Branches of the Canadian Pacific connect it with the railway system of the United States.

Saskatchawan River, and the large lakes and rivers with which it is connected, furnish more than 2000 miles of inland navigation. 14. British Columbia.-British Columbia abounds in salmon, timber, gold, and coal. Vancouver and New Westminster are important towns. Esquimalt is a strongly fortified naval station. Victoria is the capital. British Columbia is connected with the eastern provinces of the Dominion by the Canadian. Pacific railway, a grand transcontinental line about three thousand miles long, from Montreal to Vancouver on the Pacific Ocean.

15. Districts and Territories. Keewatin, an adjunct of Manitoba, Athabasca, Alberta, Saskatchawan, and Assiniboia are called Districts, and in part correspond to the territories of the United States. The last four have a common capital, Regina. The number of inhabitants is small, but is gradually increasing by emigration. The territories are cold and barren regions inhabited by a few Indians and Esquimaux.

16. Newfoundland.-Newfoundland is a rocky island, with bold, broken coasts. The fisheries are the chief source of support to the inhabitants. Hardy vegetables, as potatoes, cabbages, and turnips grow to perfection. The chief exports are cod-fish, seal-skins, oils, and copper ore. The fish are caught near the coasts, and in broad, shallow regions in the sea, called "The Banks." The Banks are almost constantly covered with dense fogs.

St. Johns is the capital and chief town. Its permanent population is about 25,000.

Labrador is a name applied to the peninsula between Hudson Bay and the Atlantic. The eastern shore belongs to Newfoundland. Its fisheries find employment for about 1000 small vessels and 30,000 men.

Questions (I.)-1. What does British America comprise? What are its chief divisions?-2. What is the area of the Dominion of Canada? Its population?— 3. Describe the government.-4. The climate.-5. The surface.-6. What is the chief commercial water-rout: ?-7. With what countries is the principal trade of the provinces? What are the chief exports?-8. What is said of Nova Scotia? Halifax?

11. Quebec.-The Province of Quebec is noted for its lumber, its picturesque scenery, and severe climate.

Montreal, the chief city, and, after Chicago and Buffalo, the largest in the St. Lawrence basin, has an extensive commerce, and exports a large amount of grain to Europe. Quebec, the capital, is the second city in population, and has a large maritime commerce.

12. Ontario.—Ontario produces a great amount of grain, lumber, petroleum, and salt. Toronto, the capital and largest city, has a fine harbor and a large lake trade.

noted? What are its chief exports? What is the principal city? The capital?11. For what is the Province of Quebec noted? Montreal? The city of Quebec?12. What are the productions of Ontario? For what is Toronto noted?-13. What is said of Manitoba? What is the capital?-14. In what does British Columbia abound? What important town? The capital?-15. What is said of the Districts? Of the Territories?-16. What is Newfoundland? What is the character of the coast? What is the principal business? The chief exports? The capital?

(II.)-1. What other colonies has British America?-2. What is the Dominion of Canada? Of what does it consist? What large island is not included in the confederation?-6. What is said of the rapids and falls in the rivers of this route? Describe the principal trunk lines of railway. What is the channel of trade in the winter? -13. What is said of the Red River of the North?-14. With what states are the chief commercial interests of British Columbia? How is British Columbia connected with the eastern provinces?-16. Where are the fishing-grounds of Newfoundland? What is said of the fogs? Of the population of St. Johns? To what province does the east coast of Labrador belong? What is said of its fisheries?

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tains, temperate on the plateaus, and hot and moist on the coast.

The plateaus north of the Tropic of Cancer are dry and barren, like those of the United States. Those south of the tropic have four months of tropical rains.

4. Inhabitants.-The people of Mexico consist of Indians, mixed races, and Spanish creoles. Nearly all speak the Spanish language. About four fifths of them reside in the southern half of the country.

The creoles are the white descendants of the early Spanish settlers, and form about one fifth of the population. Nearly two fifths are of pure Indian blood.

5. Commerce.-About one half of the foreign commerce is with the United States, and most of the remainder with England and France.

There are no large navigable rivers. The best harbors are on the coast of the Pacific. Mexico has about 4000 miles of railroad. The natural resources, mineral and vegetable, though of extraordinary variety and value, are as yet but little developed.

6. Government.-Mexico, like the United States, is a federal republic. It consists of twenty-seven states, two territories, and a small federal district which contains the capital. It was for three centuries the most important colony of Spain.

7. Mexico, the capital and chief city, is beautifully

situated in a fertile plain, 7500 feet above the sea, and surrounded by lofty mountains.

A railway to Vera Cruz gives the city direct access to the Atlantic, and another through El Paso connects it with the entire railway system of the United States. Trade and general intercourse between the two countries are rapidly increasing.

8. Guadalaxara, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, and Zacatecas are large cities on the table-land; Vera Cruz and Acapulco are the principal ports. The chief exports are silver, hemp, dyewoods, coffee, hides, and vanilla.

The mines of Mexico were the chief source of the world's supply of silver for nearly three hundred years.

Questions (I.)-1. What is the area of Mexi

co? The population?-2. What is said of the surface?-3. Of the climate?-4. Where are most

of the inhabitants? Of what do they consist ?-5. What is said of the foreign commerce?-6. Describe the government. Of what country was Mexico once a colony? -7. What is the capital and chief city? How situated? What other important cities? What are the principal ports? What are the chief exports?

(II.)-2. By what is the southern part of the plateau crossed?-3. What is the climate of the plateaus north of the Tropic of Cancer? South of it?-4. Who are the creoles?-5. What is said of the rivers, harbors, and railways?-7. What is said of certain railways ?-8. Of the silver-mines?

LXXIII.

CENTRAL AMERICA.

1. Central America, as a natural division, is a long isthmus. It includes the smaller isthmuses of Panama in South America and Tehuantepec in Mexico.

It is chiefly important because it contains the principal routes connecting the commerce of the two great oceans.

2. As a political division it is of less extent. It includes five independent republics, which are really military despotisms: viz., Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, together with Belize, or British Honduras, which is a colony of Great Britain.

3. These republics are similar to Southern Mexico in surface, climate, productions, population, and social condition. Like Mexico, they were once Spanish possessions.

The Andes Mountains extend the entire length of the isthmus, and connect the mountains of South America and the Sierra Madre. They abound in volcanoes.