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WESTERN STATES. PACIFIC DIVISION.

Arizona is very rich in mineral treasures.

The mining of silver and of copper is the leading industry. Coal, salt, and gold are abundant. Two transcontinental railways cross the territory. In the eastern part of the territory are large pine forests. Phoenix is the capital. Tucson is the largest town..

Questions (I.)-1. What region does this group occupy?-2. What is the char

acter of the surface?—3. Of the climate? What is the climate in the south? In the north? 4. What is the vegetation?-5. Where is most of the population?-6. The chief occupation in Utah? In the remaining regions?-7. What metals does Idaho

produce? What is the capital?-8. For what is the State of Nevada remarkable?

For what are Virginia City and Gold Hill famous? What is the capital?-9. For

what is Utah Territory remarkable? What city is the capital?-10. For what is

Arizona Territory remarkable? What is the capital?

(II.)-2. What is said of the mountain chains? How does the Wahsatch chain divide this section ?-3. What is said of the temperature?-8. Of the amount of silver yielded by a single vein? Where are the towns ?-9. What peculiarity has the religion of the Mormons? Where are the Mormons located? What is their chief occupation? -10. How does the rain-fall of Arizona compare with that of Southern Alabama? What is said of the cañons of the Colorado? What is said of the minerals of Arizona? Of the forests? What two railways cross the territory?

LXIV.

WESTERN STATES: PACIFIC DIVISION.

1. Surface. The lofty range known in California as the Sierra Nevada, and in Oregon and Washington as the Cascade, passes through this entire group of states.

It is nearly as high as the Rocky Mountains, but has fewer passes. East of these mountains is a portion of the great interior plateau ; in Washington it is called the Great Plain of the Columbia, and is about 2000 feet above the ocean.

Near the coast is a series of short, low chains, called

the Coast ranges.

They are parallel to the great interior chain. The coast is very bold, and without islands.

Between the high chains and the Coast ranges are three important lowlands: the Valley of Puget Sound, in Washington; the Valley of the Willamette, in Oregon; and the California Basin in California. Each of these is the most fertile and important part of the state or territory in which it is situated.

2. Climate.-The climate west of the great mountain range is mild and equable in temperature, but has great extremes of moisture.

Puget Sound has a greater rain - fall
than any other part of the United
States except Alaska.

3. Occupations.- Agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and lumbering are the leading pursuits.

4. Commerce. Internal com

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merce, except over the Pacific railroads, is quite limited. There are few navigable rivers. The Columbia is navigable to where it breaks through the Cascade Mountains, and again beyond them to Priest Rapids; its great branch, the Snake, to Lewiston, Idaho; the Sacramento and San Joaquin are navigable for a large part of their course; the Colorado more than 300 miles, to the mouth of the Grand Cañon; and the Yukon in Alaska, with its great branch, the Pelly, nearly 3000 miles.

5. Alaska.—The great territory of Alaska, including the Aleutian Islands, was purchased of Russia in 1867. Mountain chains extend along the whole coast and through the islands; they contain many volcanoes. The area of Alaska is over 500,000 square miles. The greater part has a severe Arctic climate. The west coasts have a mild, rainy climate. The rainfall at Sitka is about ninety inches a year; there are but few clear days. In the south are heavy forests.

A governor, collector of customs, and a few other of ficials reside at Sitka, and are appointed by the President of the United States. It has no legislature. The inhabitants are mostly Indians, Esquimaux, and half-breeds.

They live on the coasts and islands, being almost exclusively dependent upon the fisheries, which are among the most valuable in the world. The skins of the fur-seal are the chief article of export. 6. Washington.-Washington has the most extensive and valuable lumber forests in the United States.

In the number and excellence of its bays and harbors it is unsurpassed. The eastern half is noted for wheat and live-stock; owing to the mild and moist climate, the western half is densely covered with valuable forests of pine and cedar. The short streams falling into Puget Sound furnish exhaustless water-power. Coal is abundant.

The principal exports are lumber and wheat.

BIG TREES OF CALIFORNIA.

Olympia is the capital. Seattle, Tacoma, and Spokane Falls are the chief cities.

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7. Oregon. The greater part of the population of Oregon is in the fertile Valley of the Willamette. Wool-growing and stock-raising are the principal occupations.

The salmon fisheries of the Columbia are of great and increasing importance. Wheat, lumber, and canned salmon are the chief exports. Though in the latitude of New England, cattle spend the winter in green fields. The Northern Pacific Railroad connects Oregon and Washington with the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley. The coast is deficient in harbors. Portland, on the Willamette, is the largest city. Salem is the capital.

WESTERN STATES: PACIFIC DIVISION.

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8. California. - California produces more gold and more wine than any other state in the Union. In manufactures it surpasses every other state west of the Mississippi except Missouri. It contains the great double Valley of the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, which is connected with the Pacific Ocean by the Golden Gate at San Francisco, and with the Mississippi Valley by several trunk lines of railway.

The variety and value of the agricultural and mineral riches of this valley are beyond brief description, and make California

a proverb for wealth and fruitfulness throughout the

world. The yield of the vast gold-fields of the

Sierra places California among the first of

the gold-producing countries; yet the

annual value of manufactured prod

ucts already greatly exceeds that
of the mineral products,
while the results of agricult-
ure nearly equal all the
others together.

Wheat, barley, wine, and
fruits are excellent in qual-
ity and wonderful in quan-
tity. The soil and climate
of the southern part of
the state are favorable to
the cultivation of the
orange, olive, fig, almond,
and other tropical fruits.
They are also favorable
to the growth of the mul-
berry tree, whose leaves
are the food of the silk-

worm.

The fertile soil, the equable temperature of its climate, the succession of rainy and dry seasons which form its year, and extensive irrigation, give to California the most productive agriculture in the United States.

The area of the state is nearly equal to that of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania.

San Francisco, famous for its magnificent harbor and its export of gold and wheat, is the largest city of the Pacific coast from Cape Horn to Japan, and is the fourth city of the United States in foreign commerce. Sacramento is the capital.

YOSEMITE VALLEY.

Its population in 1890, including more than 75,000 Chinese, was a little more than one fifth of that of the State of New York.

The Big Trees and the Yosemite Valley are two of the chief wonders of nature.

These trees are gigantic evergreens, some of which are more than 100 feet around, 400 feet high, and 3000 years old. The Yosemite Valley is a remarkable chasm ten miles long and three in greatest width, with perpendicular walls of granite from 3000 to 5000 feet high, over which the Merced River falls, in three leaps, more than 2000 feet.

San Francisco is at the western end of the Central Pacific and Southern Pacific railroads, and has an extensive and growing commerce with Europe, the Mississippi Valley, and the Atlantic States, and with the countries and islands of the Pacific Ocean. A large part of the trade with the Atlantic States is carried on by means of ocean steamers and the Panama Railroad. Tea and silk from Japan and China are imported in exchange for grain.

Questions (I.)-1. What lofty mountain range passes through

this group of states? What ranges near the coast ? What three important valleys between the high chains and the Coast ranges? What is said of these valleys?-2. What characteristics has the climate west of the great range?-3. What are the leading pursuits?—4. What is said of internal commerce? Of the mountains? Of the railroads and rivers? How far is the Columbia navigable? The Sacramento and San Joaquin? The Colorado? The Yukon ?-5. How was Alaska obtained? When? Describe the political organization of Alaska. Who are the inhabitants?-6. What is said of the forests of Washington? What is the principal export? What town is the capital?-7. Where is most of the population of Oregon? What are the principal occupations? What is said of the salmon fisheries of the Columbia? Of its exports? Which is the largest town? The capital?-8. For what is California noted? What is its rank in manufactures? What important valley has it? By what is it connected commercially with the Pacific? With the Mississippi Valley? What is the area of this state? What natural wonders does it possess? For what is San Francisco famous? What city is the capital?

(II.)-1. How does the Sierra Nevada compare in height with the Rocky Mountains? What is there east of these mountains? By what name is it known in Washington? How high is it above the sea? To what are the low chains parallel? What is the character of the coast ?2. What is said of the rain-fall of Puget Sound?-5. What is the character of the coast and islands of Alaska? What is its area? What is the climate of the greater part? Of the west coasts? What is the amount of rainfall at Sitka? Where are the forests? Where do the inhabitants live? Upon what are they dependent? What is the chief article of export?-6. What is said of the bays and harbors of Washington? For what is the eastern half noted? What is said of the western half? What is said of the rivers? What mineral is abundant ?-7. How does the climate of Oregon compare with that of New England? What is said of its railroad connections? Of its coast?-8. What is said of the agricultural and mineral riches of California? How does California rank among the gold-producing countries? How do the manufactured compare with the mineral products? How do the agricultural products compare with the manufactured and the mineral products? What is said of the wheat, barley, wine, and fruits? Of the tropical fruits? Of the mulberry-tree? What causes give California the most productive agriculture in the United States? How does the population of California compare with that of the State of New York? Describe the Big Trees. The Yosemite Valley. What is said of the commerce of San Francisco? What other trade route beween. San Francisco and the Atlantic States? In what does the trade with Japan and China consist?

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COMMERCIAL UNITED STATES: INDUSTRIES.-RAILROAD AND WATER TRANSPORTATION.

COMMERCIAL

LXV.

INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

UNITED STATES.

I.-1. Agriculture, the chief source of food, and the basis of all other industries, is by far the most important occupation of the people of the United States. The following are the leading products.

2. Maize or Indian Corn is the principal grain. In some years the product has exceeded 1770 millions of bushels. Comparatively a small part is exported; the greater part is used in fattening cattle, swine, etc. 3. Wheat, the chief bread grain, is the second in quantity and in value. The annual export is greater than that of all other grains, and sometimes exceeds one fourth of the product. Great Britain is the chief foreign purchaser. A much greater part is distributed to the manufacturing, mining, and cotton districts of the United States.

4. Oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, and rice are the other grains. Barley is used chiefly in the manufacture of beer; a considerable part of the wheat, rye, and maize is converted into whiskey, starch, and glucose.

5. Hay and Potatoes are of great total value, but are too bulky to pay for long transportation.

6. Tobacco is a very important product, and is one of the chief articles of export. More than one third of it is produced in Kentucky.

7. Cotton is the largest and most valuable export of the United States. Great Britain buys much the greater part, but large quantities are sent to nearly every country of Europe. The crop has amounted to nearly 6 millions of bales, of 475 pounds each, and is still increasing.

8. Sugar is a limited crop. Nearly all of it is produced in Louisiana. NOTE.-Products in 1879, and Leading States.-Maize, 1773 millions of bushels; Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, Missouri, Indiana, and Kansas.-Wheat, 460 millions; Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, and California.-Oats, 408 millions; Illinois, Iowa, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.-Barley, 44 millions; about one half from California and New York.-Rye, 20 millions; Pennsylvania, Illinois, New York, and Wisconsin.-Buckwheat, 12 millions; about two thirds from New York and Pennsylvania.-Rice, 110 millions of pounds; South Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana.-Hay, 36 millions of tons; New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Ohio. --Potatoes, 200 millions of bushels; New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois.Tobacco, 473 millions of pounds; Kentucky, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio.-Cotton, nearly 6 millions of bales; Mississippi, Georgia, Texas, Alabama, and Arkansas.-Cane Sugar, 250,000 hogsheads; Louisiana, Texas, Tennessee, and South Carolina.

II.1. Grazing is a department of agriculture.

2. Butter and cheese are produced in great quantities in the hay districts of the Middle Atlantic and North Central States, and are among the leading articles of export.

3. Cattle are also raised for beef, hides, and tallow in many parts of the country, but chiefly between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, and in the Pacific and North Central States.

4. Sheep are raised chiefly for mutton, wool, skins, and tallow. California, Ohio, and Illinois are the leading states in wool-growing.

5. Swine are raised for pork and lard. The chief supply is from the corn country. St. Louis, Chicago, Cincinnati, Boston, New York, and other cities are extensively engaged in the packing of pork, lard, and beef. The greater part is sent to the cotton states and to the mining and manufacturing districts, and there is a large export trade to Europe, the West Indies, and South America.

III.-Forest products.-Lumber, turpentine, and bark are the chief forest products. Maine, North Carolina, and Canada furnish the chief supply of lumber for the Atlantic States; Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota for the Central; and Oregon and Washington for the Pacific States. Turpentine is chiefly obtained from the Carolina pine-forests. The bark of the oak and the hemlock is of great value for tanning.

IV.-Fishing.-The North Atlantic States furnish the chief supply of fish, including cod, mackerel, herring, shad, salmon, and lobsters. Besides these varieties are oysters from the Chesapeake, white-fish from the Great Lakes, and salmon from the Pacific coast.

V.—1. Minerals.—Coal and iron are the most important of minerals. In these two substances the United States is the richest country in the

1

world. The chief deposits of coal are found in a broad belt extending from Maryland and Eastern Pennsylvania to Kansas and Nebraska. There are also valuable deposits in the Rocky Mountains. The princi pal iron mines are in the Appalachian Mountains, on the borders of Lake Superior, and in Missouri. Pennsylvania exceeds all other states in the production of both coal and iron. The production and the manufacture of iron are among the most important industries of the United States, especially in the Ohio Valley and in Missouri.

2. Petroleum is supplied chiefly by western Pennsylvania. The refined oil, known as kerosene, is one of the leading exports, and is sent to nearly every civilized country.

3. In the production of gold and silver the United States surpasses every other country in the world. The chief supply is obtained from the Western Highland. California produces the greatest amount of gold, and Colorado of silver.

4. Among the other important mineral products are copper from Arizona, Montana, and Northern Michigan; lead from Nevada, Utah, and Missouri; and salt from Michigan, New York, West Virginia, and Ohio. VI.-Manufactures. The principal manufacturing district of the United States lies east of the Appalachians, and between Portland and Baltimore. The second district is in the North Central States. The leading manufactures of the several states have already been described.

Questions. I.-1. What is said of agriculture?-2. Which is the principal grain? What is said of it?-3. Which grain is second in importance? What is said of the export? What country is the chief purchaser? How is the rest distributed?-4. Name the other grains in the order of their importance. What is the chief use of barley? What grains are in part converted into whiskey?-5. What is said of hay and potatoes? -6. Of tobacco?-7. Of cotton?-8. Of sugar?

II. 1. What is said of grazing ?-2. Of butter and cheese?-3. For what other purposes are cattle raised? Where?-4. Which are the chief sheep products? The prin cipal wool states?-5. The chief swine products? What is said of the packing trade? III.-Name the leading forest products. Name the chief sources of the supply of lumber. Of turpentine. What barks are used in tanning? IV. Where are the chief supplies of fish obtained?

V.-1. Which are the most important of minerals? What is said of the coal and iron of the United States? Where are the chief coal deposits? The principal ironmines? Which is the leading state in coal and iron? What else is said of the iron industry?-2. What is said of petroleum? Of kerosene ?—3. Of gold and silver?4. What is said of the other important mineral products? VI.—Where is the principal manufacturing district? The second district?

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LXVI. TRANSPORTATION.

RAILROADS. I. The principal or trunk-line railroads of the United States may be divided into Eastern, Central, Southern, and Western.

II.—Eastern Trunk Lines.-The principal eastern trunk lines lie chiefly in the Middle Atlantic States. They are six in number, and are of leading importance in the railway system of the United States. The greater part of the surplus products of the northern half of the Mississippi Valley finds its way to a market over these lines.

1. Grand Trunk-from Portland, through Montreal and Toronto, to Detroit (861 m.). It lies mostly in Canada.

2. New York Central and Hudson River-from New York, through Poughkeepsie, Albany, and Rochester, to Buffalo (440 m.). The Boston and Albany extends it to Boston (201 m.).

3. West Shore-from New York to Buffalo (426 m.), parallel to Hudson River and New York Central.

4. New York, Lake Erie, and Western-from New York, through Elmira and Hornellsville, to Buffalo (424 m.), with a branch to Dunkirk.

5. Pennsylvania-from Philadelphia, through Harrisburg and Altoona, to Pittsburgh (354 m.). The New Jersey Railroad, from Philadelphia

to New York (90 m.), is its eastern extension.

RAILROAD AND WATER TRANSPORTATION.

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6. Baltimore and Ohio-from Baltimore, through Cumberland, to Parkersburg, with a branch through Wheeling to Chicago (852 m.).

III. Central Trunk Lines.-These lines lie in the North Central States. Among many important lines the following are prominent : 1. Michigan Central-from Detroit, through Jackson and Kalamazoo, to Chicago (284 m.). Extension of the principal Canada roads. 2. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern-from Buffalo, through Erie, Cleveland, and Toledo, to Chicago (539 m.). Extension of New York Central and Hudson River, and other New York trunk lines.

3. Wabash-from Toledo, through Fort Wayne, Logansport, and Decatur to St. Louis (436 m.), with branches to Keokuk, Quincy, and Hannibal, and direct connections to Kansas City and Omaha.

4. New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio-from Salamanca, through Mansfield and. Dayton, to Cincinnati (448 m.). Extension of New York, Lake Erie, and Western.

5. Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago- from Pittsburgh, through Mansfield and Fort Wayne, to Chicago (468 m.). Extension of

the Fennsylvania.

6. Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and St. Louis, or "Pan-Handle Route "from Pittsburgh, through Columbus, to Cincinnati, and through Richmond to Indianapolis. Continued in the St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute, and Indianapolis Road, through Terre Haute to St. Louis (619 m.). Extension of the Pennsylvania.

7. Cincinnati, Washington, and Baltimore and Ohio and Mississippifrom Parkersburg, through Cincinnati, to St. Louis (536 m.). Extension of Baltimore and Ohio.

8. Illinois Central-from Cairo, through Centralia, to Chicago (365 m.), and through Bloomington and Dubuque, to Sioux City (784 m.). 9. Chicago and Alton-from Chicago, through Bloomington, Springfield, and Alton, to St. Louis (280 m.).

IV.

Southern Trunk Lines.-The following groups inclúde most of the chief lines of the South Atlantic and South Central States: 1. A line from Washington through Knoxville to Chattanooga; a line from Washington and Richmond, through Atlanta, to Mobile and New Orleans; and a series of railways which, under many names, connect all the Atlantic and river ports from Jacksonville, Fla., to Portland, Me. 2. In the second group are lines extending westward from Charleston, Savannah, and other southern Atlantic ports, and crossing the Mississippi at New Orleans, Vicksburg, and Memphis.

3. The third group includes lines extending north and south from Louisville to Mobile, Memphis, and New Orleans; from St. Louis and Columbus, Ky., to New Orleans and Mobile; and from Evansville, through Nashville and Montgomery to Mobile, and through Chattanooga and Atlanta to the southern Atlantic ports.

The chief business of these lines is the exchange of the cotton and other products of the South for the manufactures and imports of the Northern and Central Atlantic States, and the breadstuffs, provisions, and manufactures of the country north of the Ohio and the Missouri.

V.-Western Trunk Lines.-These lines lie mostly west of the Mississippi. The Northern Pacific extends from Duluth and St. Paul to various ports on Puget Sound and the Columbia. It unites the railway and water-way systems of the Upper Mississippi and the Lakes with those of the Pacific region. The Central Pacific extends from San Francisco to Ogden, is continued thence by the Union Pacific to Omaha (1914 m.). The Kansas Pacific, from Cheyenne through Denver, terminates at Kansas City. The Southern Pacific extends from SanFrancisco through southern California and Arizona to Deming in New Mexico, and thence by the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe to Kansas City. It is connected with New Orleans by the Texas Pacific and by Galveston, Harrisburg, and San Antonio. From Omaha, Kansas City, and St. Paul a number of important roads extend these great transcontinental routes to the Mississippi and the Great Lakes. Among these are the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy, the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific, the Chicago and Northwestern, the Chicago and Alton, and

the Wabash. -

The Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul and the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba are parts of a system of important lines connecting the chief ports on Lake Michigan with the great wheat region lying between that lake and the Upper Missouri and extending into Manitoba. Texas, California, and Oregon also have important lines.

WATER-WAYS. VI.-The principal interior water-ways of the United States are the Atlantic System, the Mississippi System, the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes, and the Canals.

1. Atlantic System.-The rivers of the Atlantic system are connected with the extensive coasting trade. They are navigated by thousands of sailing vessels and steamers. A fall or a rapid at the head of navigation is usually the seat of a manufacturing city or town. NOTE. The entrances of the rivers of the Atlantic system are more or less obstructed by broad banks or shoals of mud and sand, brought down by the rivers and deposited in the sea just at their mouths. These shoals are called bars. They frequently make it dangerous and sometimes impossible for vessels to enter even at high tide. Most of the rivers between Chesapeake Bay and the Rio Grande can be entered only by vessels of very light draught. The Mississippi admits the largest ocean steamers.

2. Mississippi System.-The Mississippi has fifty-five great tributaries, nearly all of which have navigable branches. Numerous steamboats and barges furnish cheap transportation for the bulky products of the valley.

NOTE.-The Mississippi system has nearly 17,000 miles navigable by steam. boats, and more than 20,000 by barges. The waters of the great river and its branches are subject to great changes of level, in consequence of the annual floods and droughts. Below the mouth of the Ohio the Mississippi sometimes rises more than fifty feet. At low water some of the branches can be navigated only by steamers of light draught, and some not at all for several months.

3. The St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes.-The Great Lakes are freshwater seas, and are traversed by a great number of sailing vessels as well as numerous large steamers. They are closed for several months by ice, but are not affected by tides, floods, or droughts.

4. Canals.-The Great Lakes are connected with the Mississippi and Atlantic systems by canals. The Erie Canal in New York is the only one of any present importance. A short ship-canal in Michigan enables vessels to pass the falls at the entrance of Lake Superior. The Falls of Niagara and the rapids in the St. Lawrence are passed by means of ship-canals in Canada.

NOTE.-A number of important ship-canals have recently been proposed: one to connect the Hudson and Lake Champlain with the St. Lawrence, others to connect the Ohio with the James and the Potomac, the Tennessee with the Alabama and the Altamaha, the Illinois and the Wisconsin with Lake Michigan, and the Minnesota River with the Red River of the North. Questions. I.—What are trunk lines? How may the trunk lines of the United States be divided?

II. Where are the principal eastern trunk lines? How many are there? Name them. Why important?-Describe the following roads.*—1. Grand Trunk?—2. New York Central and Hudson River?-3. West Shore?-4. New York, Lake Erie, and Western?—5. Pennsylvania? New Jersey?-6. Baltimore and Ohio? (Has extensions to Washington and Philadelphia, and also to New York.)

III.-Where are the central trunk lines? Name the most important of these lines. Describe them.*-1. Michigan Central?-2. Lake Shore, and Michigan Southern?-3. Wabash?-4. New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio?-5. Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago?-6. Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and St. Louis?-7. Cincinnati, Washington, and Baltimore? Ohio and Mississippi?-8. Illinois Central ?-9. Chicago and Alton?

IV.-How many groups of southern trunk lines?-1. Describe the first group.— 2. The second.-3. The third. What is the chief business of these lines? V. Where do the western trunk lines mostly lie? Describe the transcontinental The Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul, and the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and What is said of other western lines?

routes. Manitoba. VI. How are the interior water-ways of the United States divided?-1. With what trade are the Atlantic rivers connected? By what navigated? Of what is a fall or rapid at the head of navigation usually the seat?-2. What is said of the branches of the Mississippi? By what navigated? What is said of the importance of the system? Of the mouth of the Mississippi?-3. Of the Great Lakes? What effect has winter upon all the northern water-ways?-4. How are the first three systems connected? Which is the most important of these canals? Where are the ship-canals?

Ask the following questions about each of these roads: In what state or states? Between and through what cities? With what other trunk lines connected?

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