8. Georgia.-Georgia has a larger population and more extensive manufactures than any other sea-board state between Virginia and Texas. The manufactures are chiefly of iron and cotton, and are rapidly increasing.

Atlanta, the capital and largest city, is an important railroad centre. Savannah, the second city and chief port, has a large cotton trade. Columbus, on the Chattahoochee, has abundant water-power, and manufactures a large amount of cotton goods.

9. Florida.-Florida is noted for its mild climate and its orange-groves and other tropical vegetation.

The population is densest in the northeast, and within 100 miles of the northern boundary. The southern half of the state is a low morass.

St. Augustine is the oldest town in the United States. Key West, the largest city, is a wrecking station, and is largely engaged in sponge-fishing and in the manufacture of cigars. Jacksonville is a winter resort. Tallahassee is the capital.

Questions (I.)-1. What is the area of the four northern states of the South Atlantic group? Of Georgia?-2. Of what divisions does the surface consist? What constitutes the western belt? The second belt? What does it produce? What is the third belt? What does it supply? What is the fourth belt? What are the productions of this belt?-3. What is the character of the climate? What is said of the rainfall? Of the production of cotton?-4. What is the leading occupation? Name the chief productions.-5. For what is Virginia noted? Richmond? Norfolk?-6. North Carolina? Wilmington? Raleigh?-7. South Carolina? Charleston? Columbia ?8. Georgia? Atlanta? Savannah? Columbus?-9. Florida? What is said of St. Augustine? Pensacola? Key West? Tallahassee?

(II.) 2. What is said of the forests of the mountain belt? Of its water-power and minerals? What is the extent of the third belt?-5. Where and what is the Great Valley? 9. Where is most of the population of Florida? What is the character of the southern half of the state?

47

and other large navigable rivers radiate from the highland and fall into the Ohio, the Mississippi, and the Gulf. These rivers and the numerous railways furnish excellent commercial facilities.

Louisville, Knoxville, Chattanooga, Nashville, Memphis, and Mobile are the leading railroad centres.

6. West Virginia.-West Virginia has a mountainous surface. It is rich in bituminous coal, iron, salt, and petroleum.

Wheeling is the largest city. Huntington and Parkersburg are important cities. Charleston is the capital.

7. Kentucky.-Kentucky is one of the most populous states south of the line of the Ohio and Potomac rivers. It surpasses every other state in the production of tobacco, and produces half of the hemp raised in the United States.

L.

THE CENTRAL STATES: SOUTHERN DIVISION.

1. Surface. This group of states has a diversified surface, but the greater part is in the low Central Plain. West Virginia lies in the Eastern Highland, and Mississippi in the Great Plain. Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama have large highland districts.

2. Climate.—The climate of the highlands is mild and delightful; the lowlands have long and hot summers.

3. Soil. The greater part of the plain is very fertile. 4. Occupations.- Agriculture is the chief occupation. The leading staples are cotton, corn, tobacco, and hemp.

All but West Virginia produce cotton. The mountains and numerous rivers of the Eastern Highland give West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee unlimited water-power, coal, and iron these are as yet but little used.

5. Commerce.-The Cumberland, Tennessee, Alabama,

Louisville, on the Ohio, is, after New Orleans, the largest city south of the Ohio and the Potomac; it has a large trade in flour, pork, hemp, and tobacco. Covington and Newport are opposite Cincinnati. Frankfort is the capital. 8. Tennessee.-Tennessee has three physical divisions, known as East, Middle, and West Tennessee.

East Tennessee is a mountainous country, and is remarkably rich in coal, iron, timber, and water-power.

Knoxville, on the Holston, and Chattanooga, beautifully situated on the Tennessee, are the chief depots of this important region.

Middle Tennessee, the most populous division, is famous for its production of corn, tobacco, and live stock. Nashville, its depot, is the capital and largest city in the state. West Tennessee is the lowest and warmest part of the state. Cotton is the chief staple.

Memphis is the largest city on the lower Mississippi River except New Orleans.

48

9. Alabama.-The valleys of

the Alabama, the Tombigbee,

and the Tennessee include most of the state. Cotton and iron are the chief products.

Montgomery, the capital, is an important depot for cotton. Mobile, a cotton port, is the largest city. Birmingham and Anniston are centres of the iron region.

10. Mississippi.-Mississippi is noted as the leading state in the production of cotton.

Vicksburg is the most important city. Jackson is the capital.

Although the richest in the most important export of the United
States, this is the only Gulf State with no sea-port of its own.
It has no large city.

Questions (I.)-1. What is the character of the surface of this division? Where does the greater part lie ?-2. What is the character of the climate ?-3. Of the soil?4. What is the chief occupation? Name the leading staples.-5. What is said of the chief rivers of this group? What commercial facilities has this section? Name the leading railroad centres.-6. What kind of a surface has West Virginia? In what minerals is it rich? What is the largest city? The capital?-7. For what is Kentucky noted? Louisville? Covington? Frankfort?-8. How many physical divisions has Tennessee? Name them. For what is East Tennessee noted? Knoxville and Chattanooga? Middle Tennessee? Nashville? West Tennessee? What is the principal staple? What is said of Memphis ?-9. What river valleys include most of the State of Alabama? What are the chief products? Name the principal cotton depots. For what is Mobile noted? Birmingham ?-10. For what is Mississippi noted? Name the most important city. The capital.

(II.)-1. Which of these states has no lowland? Which no highland? Which have large highland districts?—4. Which of these states does not produce cotton? Which are rich in water-power, coal, and iron ?-7. How does Kentucky rank in the production of tobacco? Of hemp?-10. Has Mississippi any sea-ports? Any large cities?

LI.

QUESTIONS ON THE MAP.

General. Name the states of this group. Which border on the Ohio River? On the Mississippi? On Lake Superior? On Lake Michigan? On Lake Erie? What water connects Lake Superior with Lake Huron? Lake Huron with Lake Michigan? What lake between Lake Huron and Lake Erie? What rivers connect these lakes? Which of these states has no river belonging to the Mississippi system?

Ohio. Name the three chief branches of the Ohio River in this state. What river in the northwest? What city on the Maumee? What two cities on Lake Erie? On the Ohio? On the Miami? What city on the Muskingum? West of Columbus? What three southeast of Cleveland? What two southwest of Toledo? What city is the capital?

Indiana. Which is the chief river of Indiana? What is the chief branch of the Wabash? What city on the west fork of the White? What two cities on the Wabash? On the Ohio? What city on the Maumee? On the St. Joseph? In the east? What is the capital?

Illinois. Name the three chief branches of the Mississippi in this state. What is the capital? What city on Lake Michigan? What two cities southwest? On Mississippi River? What city on Rock River? On Illinois River? Northwest of Peoria? Southeast of Peoria?

Wisconsin. Which is the chief branch of the Mississippi in this state? What lake in the east? What river is its outlet? Into what bay does it flow? What two cities on Lake Winnebago? Three on Lake Michigan? What cities in the west? What city is the capital?

Michigan. Of what does Michigan chiefly consist? (Of two great peninsulas.) What large island in Lake Superior belongs to this state? Which is the chief river of South Michigan? What river north of Grand River? What three cities on Grand River? Which of these is the capital? What city on Muskegon River? What bay on the eastern shore? What river flows into it? What two cities on Saginaw River? What city on Detroit River?

Voyages and Travels.-Through what waters would you pass, and

50

LIII.

CENTRAL STATES: NORTHERN DIVISION.

1. This group lies wholly in the Great Central Plain. 2. Surface.-There are no mountains.

There is a hilly region in the southeast, towards the Ohio, and another and more rugged one towards Lake Superior.

The greater part of Illinois and the adjacent parts of Wisconsin and Indiana are level or rolling prairies. The rest of the vast plain, and the hilly regions, are covered with forests except where cleared for cultivation.

6. Commerce.-The commercial advantages of this group are remarkable. Three of the principal waterways of the continent-the Mississippi, the Ohio, and the Great Lakes-form an almost complete boundary.

On or near this margin lie most of the largest cities in the United States west of Atlantic tide-water. Milwaukee, Chicago, Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland, and Cincinnati are on the inner margin of the district; and Duluth, Minneapolis, St. Paul, St. Louis, Louisville, Pittsburgh, and Buffalo are just outside of it.

The chief business of the large and important inland

4. Minerals.—The hilly region near Lake Superior contains an abundance of iron-ore and the greatest de

COPPER-MINING.

posit of pure or native copper in the world; that near the in the world; that near the Ohio is rich in iron, and extensive deposits of coal. An important lead region covers the adjacent parts of Wisconsin and Illinois near the Mississippi. Michigan produces more salt and copper than any other state.

5. Occupations.- Agriculture and grazing are the leading pursuits. Of wheat, corn, wool, and live stock the quantity produced is unsurpassed by that of any equal area on the globe. Manufacturing and mining are important, and are rapidly increasing in the coal and iron districts.

cept Pittsburgh, and of the systems of railways of which they are the centres, is the collection and transportation of the agricultural and grazing products of this vast gran. ary and those of the equally productive neighboring states west of Mississippi River.

Canals connect rivers flowing into the Great Lakes with navigable branches of the Mississippi and the Ohio, the Wisconsin with the Fox, the Illinois with the Chicago, and the Wabash with the Maumee. The falls in the St. Marys River, at the entrance of Lake Superior, are passed by a ship-canal in Michigan. Most of the rivers of the Mississippi system have high banks called bluffs. The depth of water in these rivers varies greatly during the year, the Ohio sometimes having a "rise" of seventy feet. 7. Inhabitants.-The inhabitants are chiefly descendants of immigrants from the North Atlantic and Middle Atlantic States; most of the remainder are European immigrants.

No part of the world possesses a larger proportion of intelligent,
industrious, self-reliant citizens; and no equal area surpasses
this group of states in the excellence of the common schools
and the general interest in public education.
The Germans constitute the greater part of the foreign-born popu-
lation; the Irish are next in numerical importance; there are
also many thousands of Swedes, Norwegians, and Danes.

8. Ohio.-Ohio ranks among the first states in the Union in the production of wool and coal, and is the fourth in population. In the amount and variety of its manufactures it exceeds every other state west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Cincinnati, the largest city, and the metropolis of the Ohio Valley, has an extensive trade in provisions and grain, and is one of the principal manufacturing cities in the United States.

Cleveland, the second city, is one of the five Great Lake ports. Toledo, also a lake-port, Dayton, and Columbus, the capital, are among the numerous large cities.

51

9. Indiana.—Indiana is the eighth state in population, and has a level surface, fertile soil, and mines of block-coal. It is among the first states in the production of wheat, and produces a large amount of other grains and live-stock.

Indianapolis, the capital and largest city, is a great railroad centre, and one of the most important and rapidly growing cities of the Central States. Evansville and Fort Wayne are next in population.

10. Illinois.-Illinois is the first state in the Union in the production of corn and wheat, the second in that of coal, and is the third in population. It possesses one of the most extensive coal-fields in the world.

This state is mostly prairie, with low hills on the Ohio and bluffs on the Mississippi.

Chicago, the second city in the Union, and the commercial metropolis of the St. Lawrence basin, is the chief lumber and pork market in America, and, next to London, the greatest grain market in the world.

The city

A large number of railways radiate from it as a centre.
is of recent and remarkably rapid growth, its population hav-
ing increased over one hundred per cent. in the last ten years.
Originally built on low ground, it has become, in its grading,
drainage, and water-supply, a monument to the energy, sagacity,
and public spirit of its citizens.

In October, 1871, a fire, one of the most destructive in modern
times, swept away three and a quarter square miles of its most
valuable storehouses and residences. The direct loss was esti-
mated at nearly $200,000,000, and the loss of business at
$90,000,000 more. Notwithstanding this sudden calamity, the
most extensive and disastrous that ever befell an American com-
munity, the new Chicago that has already sprung from the ashes
of the old is in every respect a grander city.

Among other important cities are Peoria and Quincy. Springfield is the capital.

11. Wisconsin.-Wisconsin resembles Illinois in the abundant production of wheat, and Michigan in that of lumber. This state has a large number of beautiful lakes; it also has an abundance of water-power, that of the Fox River, between Winnebago Lake and Green Bay, being among the most valuable in the United States.

The population is mostly in the south. Milwaukee, the largest city, is one of the five Great Lake ports, and has a large commerce in breadstuffs, provisions, and lumber. La Crosse, Oshkosh, Racine, and Eau Claire are important places. Madison is the capital.

12. Michigan.-Michigan consists of two peninsulas. It is bordered by four of the five Great Lakes, and has more coast than any other state excepting Florida.

The population is mostly in the south, which is fertile. The northern part of the southern peninsula is sandy, and covered with valuable forests of white pine. The North Central States furnish a ready market for the salt of Saginaw and for the lumber of Saginaw and of the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Other

REAPING SCENE.

important productions are white-fish from the Great Lakes and copper and iron from the shores of Lake Superior.

The country along the western coast of the southern peninsula is known as the Fruit Belt.

The relatively warm water of Lake Michigan causes southerly winds to prevail on this coast in winter, which gives to these shores so mild a winter climate that fruit trees are seldom injured by extreme cold.

Detroit, the eastern entrance to Michigan and the upper lakes, is the largest city. Grand Rapids and Saginaw are large and important manufacturing cities. Lansing is the capital.

Questions (I.)-1. Where is this group situated?-2. What peculiarity has its surface? Where are the prairie regions? The forest regions?-3. What is the character of the climate?-4. What minerals in the hilly region near Lake Superior? In that near the Ohio? Where is the lead region? Which of these states produces salt? -5. Name the two leading pursuits. What is said of the products? Of manufacturing and mining?-6. What is said of the commercial advantages? Name the three great water-ways. What do they form? What is said of this boundary? What cities are on the inner margin of this district? What cities are just outside of it? What is the chief business of these cities?-7. Who are the inhabitants?-8. For what is Ohio noted? Cincinnati? Cleveland? What cities are next in size? Which of these is the capital?-9. For what is Indiana noted? Indianapolis? What other important cities?-10. For what is Illinois noted? What is said of its coal-fields? For what is Chicago noted? What other important cities? What city is the capital?-11. What are the principal productions of Wisconsin? What is said of its lakes and waterpower? For what is Milwaukee noted? What other important places? What city is the capital?-12. For what is Michigan remarkable? Where is its fruit belt? For what is Detroit noted? Grand Rapids and Saginaw? What city is the capital? (II.)-2. Where are the hilly regions?-6. What is said of the canals? Of the ship-canal? Of the banks of the rivers of the Mississippi system? Of the depth of water? How high is the rise of the Ohio?-7. What is the character of the people of this group? Of the common schools? Name the chief elements of the foreign-born population.-10. What is the character of the surface of Illinois? Of what is Chicago the centre? What is said of its growth? Of its grading, drainage, and water-supply? With what calamity was it visited in 1871? What was the estimated loss? What is said of its present condition ?-11. Where is most of the population of Wisconsin?12. Where is most of the population of Michigan? Where are the forests? For what products do the North Central States furnish a market? What others are important? What part of the state is favorable to the production of fruit?