SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE EDITED BY SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D. (Editor-in-Chief) WITH THE SOLE ASSISTANCE, AFTER VOLUME VI., OF GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A. AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D. HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D. (Department of Minor Denominations) JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D. (Department of Liturgics and Religious Orders) JAMES FREDERIC MCCURDY, PH.D., LL.D. HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D. (Department of the New Testament) FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, LL.D., F.S.A. BR95 COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England Printed in the United States of America 160484 EDITORS SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D. (EDITOR-IN-CHIEF.) Professor of Church History, New York University. GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A. New York, Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion, DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME XI CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D., (Department of Systematic Theology.) Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary. HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D., Secretary of Executive Committee of the Western Section for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference. JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D., (Department of Liturgics and Religious Orders.) Rector of St. Gabriel's, New Rochelle, N. Y. JAMES FREDERICK MCCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D., (Department of the Old Testament.) Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto. HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D., (Department of the New Testament.) Professor of Church History, Southwestern Baptist FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, LL.D., F.S.A., CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME XI JUSTIN EDWARDS ABBOTT, D.D., HANS ACHELIS, Ph.D., Th.D., BRAYMAN WILLIAM ANTHONY, President of Adrian College, Adrian, Mich. Docent in the University of Upsala, Sweden. President of St. Patrick's Seminary, Menlo Park, Cal. President of Western Theological Seminary, Holland, Mich. HERMANN GECRG JULIUS BECK, Consistorial Councilor and First Preacher, Bayreuth. CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary. WILLIS JUDSON BEECHER, D.D., Former Professor of Hebrew Language and Literature, Auburn Theological Seminary, Auburn, N. Y. GEORG BEER, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Heidelberg. JOHANNES BELSHEIM (†), Late Pastor Emeritus in Christiania. KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Königsberg. IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BENZINGER, Ph.D., Th.Lic., German Orientalist and Vice-Consul for Holland in Jerusalem. CARL BERTHEAU (†), Th.D., Late Pastor of St. Michael's, Hamburg. AMY GASTON CHARLES AUGUSTE GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BONWETSCH, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Göttingen. Senior of the Prediger-Ministerium, Frankfort. EDWARD INCREASE BOSWORTH, D.D., Dean of Oberlin Theological Seminary, Oberlin, Ohio. Th.D., Reformed Minister and Chaplain at Bückeburg, Schaum- ARTHUR LOUIS BRESLICH, Ph.D., MARSHALL BROOMHALL, B.A., Editorial Secretary for the China Inland Mission, London. WILLIAM ADAMS BROWN, Ph.D., D.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, Union Theological AUGUSTUS ROBERT BUCKLAND, M.A., Secretary of the Religious Tract Society, London. Late Author and Educator, Dresden. FRANTS PEDER WILLIAM BUHL, Ph.D., Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Copenhagen. KARL GEORGE ADOLF BUSCH, B.A., B.S., Professor of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, and Secretary, Luther Seminary, St. Paul, Minn. President of the Board of Trustees, Eugene Bible Univer- AUGUSTUS STILES CARRIER, D.D., Professor of Hebrew and Cognate Languages, McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago. BENJAMIN STUART CHAMBERS, D.D., Assistant Rector of the Church of the Blessed Sacrament, OTTO CONSTANTIN CLEMEN, Gymnasial Professor at Zwickau. EDWARD BENTON COE, D.D., S.T.D., Senior Minister of the Collegiate Church, New York. Consistorial Councilor, Ilfeld, Germany. M.A., Instructor in English, College of the City of New York. Pastor of the French Reformed Church, Frankfort. GUSTAF HERMAN DALMAN, Ph.D., Extraordinary Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, Univer- HERMANN DECHENT, Ph.D., GABRIEL DOOITZES DE JONG, V.D.M., Professor of Historical Theology, Theological School of the Christian Reformed Church, Grand Rapids, Mich. gor Theological Seminary, Bangor, Me. Supreme Consistorial Councilor, City Superintendent, and Pastor of the Kreuzkirche, Dresden. Chancellor of the Southwestern_Presbyterian University, ERNST ADOLF ALFRED OSKAR Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Breslau. Rector of St. Gabriel's, New Rochelle, N. Y. Librarian, Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton, N. J. President of Westminster Theological Seminary, Professor of Theology, Augsburg Seminary, Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Hale. JOHANNES FICKER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Strasburg. LEWIS BEALS FISHER, D.D., LL.D., President of Lombard College and Ryder Divinity School, Emeritus Gymnasial Professor, Parchim, Mecklenburg. EMIL ALBERT FRIEDBERG (†), Late Professor of Ecclesiastical, Public, and German Law, GEORGE JOHN FRITSCHEL, A.M., OCTAVIUS BROOKS FROTHINGHAM (†), M.A., Late Historian of Transcendentalism, Boston, Mass. SOLOMON J. GAMERTSFELDER, Principal of the Evangelical Theological Seminary, THOMAS JAMES GARLAND, B.D., Secretary of the Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Philadelphia. OWEN HAMILTON GATES, Ph.D., Librarian, Andover Theological Seminary, Andover, Mass. GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A., Former Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary, Bangor, Me. FRANZ GOERRES, Ph.D., Late Honorary Professor of Geography, Technical High JUAN ORTS GONZALEZ, D.D., JAMES ISAAC GOOD, D.D., Professor of Reformed Church History and Liturgics, Central Theological Seminary, Dayton, Ohio. THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED, D.D., Registrar, University of Chicago. FRANK GRETHER, D.D., GEORG GRUETZMACHER, Ph.D., Th.Lic., RICHARD HEINRICH GRUETZMACHER, EUGÈNE GUÉNIN, Chief of the Staff of Stenographers, Senate of France. ALMON GUNNISON, D.D., LL.D., President of St. Lawrence University, Canton, N. Y. HERMANN GUTHE, Ph.D., Th.D., Extraordinary Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic. WILHELM HADORN, Th.Lic., Pastor in Bern and Lecturer on New Testament Exegesis, University of Bern. ALFRED MARTIN HAGGARD, M.A., Dean of the Bible College, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa. ARTHUR CRAWSHAY ALLISTON Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Vermont. JULIUS HAMBERGER (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Munich. FREDERICK WILLIAM HAMILTON, D.D., LL.D., President of Tufts College, Mass. ADOLF HARNACK, M.D., Ph.D., General Director of the Royal Library, Berlin. JAMES RENDEL HARRIS, Director of Studies at the Friends' Settlement, Woodbrooke, near Birmingham, England. SAMUEL HART, D.D., D.C.L., Dean of Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Conn. ALBERT HAUCK, Ph.D., Th.D., Dr.Jur., Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic, Editorin-chief of the Hauck-Herzog Realencyklopädie. JOHANNES HAUSSLEITER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of the New Testament, University of Greifswald. CHARLES GIRVEN HECKERT, D.D., President of Hamma Divinity School, Springfield, Ohio. MAX HEINZE (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Philosophy, University of Leipsic. CHARLES ROBERT HEMPHILL, D.D., LL.D., President of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of Kentucky, Louisville, Ky. ERNST HENKE (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Marburg. HEINRICH HERMELINK, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Privat-docent in Church History, University of Leipsic. ALFRED HILLER, D.D., Senior Professor of Theology, Hartwick Seminary, near Cooperstown, N. Y. GEORGE HODGES, D.D., D.C.L., HEINRICH FRIEDRICH MAX Privat-docent in Church History, University of Leipsic. RUDOLF HUGO HOFMANN, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Homiletics and Liturgics, University of Leipsic. HJALMER FREDRIK HOLMQUIST, Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Lund, Sweden. EDMUND LYMAN HOOD, Ph.D., President of Atlanta Theological Seminary, Atlanta, Ga. FRANKLIN EVANS HOSKINS, D.D., Missionary at Beirut, Syria. GEORGE RICE HOVEY, D.D., President of Virginia Union University, Richmond, Va. HENRY EYSTER JACOBS, D.D., LL.D., S.T.D., Dean of the Lutheran Theological Seminary, Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. JOSEPH JACOBS, Litt.D., Professor of English Literature and Rhetoric, Jewish Theo- MARTIN KAEHLER, Th.D., Professor of Dogmatics and New Testament Exegesis, University of Halle. FERDINAND FRIEDRICH WILHELM KATTENBUSCH, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Dogmatics, University of Halle. |