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SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA

OF

RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE

EDITED BY

SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.

(Editor-in-Chief)

WITH THE SOLE ASSISTANCE, AFTER VOLUME VI., OF

GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editor)

AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS

CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology)

HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.

(Department of Minor Denominations)

JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.

(Department of Liturgics and Religious Orders)

JAMES FREDERIC MCCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament)

HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.

(Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History)

FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, LL.D., F.S.A.
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography)

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BR95
S43
v. ll

COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY

FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY

Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England

Printed in the United States of America
Published September, 1911

160484

EDITORS

SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.

(EDITOR-IN-CHIEF.)

Professor of Church History, New York University.

GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(ASSOCIATE EDITOR.)

New York,

Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion,
Bangor Theological Seminary.

DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME XI

CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH,

D.D.,

(Department of Systematic Theology.)

Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.

HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.,
(Department of Minor Denominations.)

Secretary of Executive Committee of the Western Section for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference.

JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D., (Department of Liturgics and Religious Orders.) Rector of St. Gabriel's, New Rochelle, N. Y.

JAMES FREDERICK MCCURDY, Ph.D.,

LL.D.,

(Department of the Old Testament.)

Professor of Oriental Languages, University College,

Toronto.

HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.,

(Department of the New Testament.)
Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New
Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.,
(Department of Church History.)

Professor of Church History, Southwestern Baptist
Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, Tex.

FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, LL.D., F.S.A.,
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography.)
Managing Editor of the STANDARD DICTIONARY, etc.,
New York City.

CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME XI

JUSTIN EDWARDS ABBOTT, D.D.,
Missionary in Bombay, India.

HANS ACHELIS, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Halle.
WILLIAM HENRY ALLISON, Ph.D.,
Dean of the Faculty and Professor of Ecclesiastical History,
Theological Seminary, Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y.
FRANK DE GRAFF ALTMAN, D.D.,
Former President of the Lutheran Western Theological
Seminary, Atchison, Kan.

BRAYMAN WILLIAM ANTHONY,
D.D., LL.D.,

President of Adrian College, Adrian, Mich.
GUSTAF EMANUEL HILDEBRAND
AULEN, Th.Lic.,

Docent in the University of Upsala, Sweden.
HENRY AMANTIUS AYRINHAC,
8.8., D.D., LL.D.,

President of St. Patrick's Seminary, Menlo Park, Cal.
JOHN WALTER BEARDSLEE,
D.D., LL.D.,

President of Western Theological Seminary, Holland, Mich.

HERMANN GECRG JULIUS BECK, Consistorial Councilor and First Preacher, Bayreuth. CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.,

Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.

WILLIS JUDSON BEECHER, D.D., Former Professor of Hebrew Language and Literature, Auburn Theological Seminary, Auburn, N. Y.

GEORG BEER, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Heidelberg.

JOHANNES BELSHEIM (†), Late Pastor Emeritus in Christiania. KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Church History, University of Königsberg. IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BENZINGER, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,

German Orientalist and Vice-Consul for Holland in Jerusalem.

CARL BERTHEAU (†), Th.D.,

Late Pastor of St. Michael's, Hamburg.

AMY GASTON CHARLES AUGUSTE
BONET-MAURY, D.D., LL.D.,
Professor of Church History, Independent School of
Divinity, Paris.

GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BONWETSCH,

Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Göttingen.

FRIEDRICH WILHELM BERNHARD

BORNEMANN, Th.D.,

Senior of the Prediger-Ministerium, Frankfort.
GUSTAV BOSSERT, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Retired Pastor, Stuttgart.

EDWARD INCREASE BOSWORTH, D.D.,

Dean of Oberlin Theological Seminary, Oberlin, Ohio.

FRIEDRICH HEINRICH BRANDES,

Th.D.,

Reformed Minister and Chaplain at Bückeburg, Schaum-
burg-Lippe.

ARTHUR LOUIS BRESLICH, Ph.D.,
President of German Wallace College, Berea, Ohio.

MARSHALL BROOMHALL, B.A.,

Editorial Secretary for the China Inland Mission, London.

WILLIAM ADAMS BROWN, Ph.D., D.D.,

Professor of Systematic Theology, Union Theological

Seminary, New York.

AUGUSTUS ROBERT BUCKLAND, M.A.,

Secretary of the Religious Tract Society, London.

OSKAR GOTTLIEB RUDOLF

BUDDENSIEG (†), Ph.D., Th.D.,

Late Author and Educator, Dresden.

FRANTS PEDER WILLIAM BUHL, Ph.D.,

Th.D.,

Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Copenhagen.

KARL GEORGE ADOLF BUSCH, B.A., B.S.,

Professor of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, and

Secretary, Luther Seminary, St. Paul, Minn.

JAMES A. BUSHNELL,

President of the Board of Trustees, Eugene Bible Univer-

sity, Eugene, Oregon.

AUGUSTUS STILES CARRIER, D.D.,

Professor of Hebrew and Cognate Languages, McCormick

Theological Seminary, Chicago.

BENJAMIN STUART CHAMBERS, D.D.,

Assistant Rector of the Church of the Blessed Sacrament,

New York.

OTTO CONSTANTIN CLEMEN,
Ph.D., Th.Lic.,

Gymnasial Professor at Zwickau.

EDWARD BENTON COE, D.D., S.T.D.,
LL.D.,

Senior Minister of the Collegiate Church, New York.
FERDINAND EDUARD THEODOR
COHRS, Th.D.,

Consistorial Councilor, Ilfeld, Germany.
ALEXIS IRÉNÉE DU PONT COLEMAN,

M.A.,

Instructor in English, College of the City of New York.
CHARLES CORREVON,

Pastor of the French Reformed Church, Frankfort.
SAMUEL CRAMER, Th.D.,
Professor of the History of Christianity, University of
Amsterdam, and Professor of Practical Theology,
Mennonite Theological Seminary, Amsterdam.

GUSTAF HERMAN DALMAN, Ph.D.,
Th.D.,

Extraordinary Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, Univer-
sity of Leipsic, and President of the German Evangelical
Archeological Institute, Jerusalem.

HERMANN DECHENT, Ph.D.,

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Hale.

JOHANNES FICKER, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, Evangelical Theological

Faculty, University of Strasburg.

LEWIS BEALS FISHER, D.D., LL.D.,

President of Lombard College and Ryder Divinity School,

Galesburg, Ill.

ALBERT FREYBE, Ph.D., Th.D.,

Emeritus Gymnasial Professor, Parchim, Mecklenburg.

EMIL ALBERT FRIEDBERG (†),
Th.D., Dr.Jur.,

Late Professor of Ecclesiastical, Public, and German Law,
University of Leipsic.

GEORGE JOHN FRITSCHEL, A.M.,
Professor of Church History, Wartburg Evangelical Lutheran
Seminary, Dubuque, Ia.

OCTAVIUS BROOKS FROTHINGHAM (†),

M.A.,

Late Historian of Transcendentalism, Boston, Mass.
PAUL REVERE FROTHINGHAM, S.T.B.,
Minister of Arlington St. Church (Unitarian), Boston, Mass.
JOSEPH HALL FUSSELL,
Secretary, Universal Brotherhood and Theosophical Society,
Point Loma, Cal.

SOLOMON J. GAMERTSFELDER,
Ph.D., D.D.,

Principal of the Evangelical Theological Seminary,
Naperville, Ill.

THOMAS JAMES GARLAND, B.D., Secretary of the Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Philadelphia.

OWEN HAMILTON GATES, Ph.D., Librarian, Andover Theological Seminary, Andover, Mass. GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A., Former Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary, Bangor, Me.

FRANZ GOERRES, Ph.D.,
Assistant Librarian, University of Bonn.
WILHELM GOETZ (†), Ph.D.,

Late Honorary Professor of Geography, Technical High
School, and Professor, Military Academy, Munich

JUAN ORTS GONZALEZ, D.D.,
Richmond, Va.

JAMES ISAAC GOOD, D.D.,

Professor of Reformed Church History and Liturgics, Central Theological Seminary, Dayton, Ohio. THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED,

D.D.,

Registrar, University of Chicago.

FRANK GRETHER, D.D.,
Professor of Exegetical Theology, Mission House,
Plymouth, Wis.

GEORG GRUETZMACHER, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,
Extraordinary Professor of Church History, University of
Heidelberg.

RICHARD HEINRICH GRUETZMACHER,
Th.D.,
Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Rostock.

EUGÈNE GUÉNIN,

Chief of the Staff of Stenographers, Senate of France. ALMON GUNNISON, D.D., LL.D., President of St. Lawrence University, Canton, N. Y. HERMANN GUTHE, Ph.D., Th.D., Extraordinary Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, University of Leipsic.

WILHELM HADORN, Th.Lic., Pastor in Bern and Lecturer on New Testament Exegesis, University of Bern.

ALFRED MARTIN HAGGARD, M.A., Dean of the Bible College, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa.

ARTHUR CRAWSHAY ALLISTON
HALL, D.D., LL.D.,

Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Vermont. JULIUS HAMBERGER (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Munich.

FREDERICK WILLIAM HAMILTON, D.D., LL.D.,

President of Tufts College, Mass.

ADOLF HARNACK, M.D., Ph.D.,
Th.D., Dr.Jur.,

General Director of the Royal Library, Berlin.

JAMES RENDEL HARRIS,
Litt.D., LL.D.,

Director of Studies at the Friends' Settlement, Woodbrooke, near Birmingham, England.

SAMUEL HART, D.D., D.C.L.,

Dean of Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Conn.

ALBERT HAUCK, Ph.D., Th.D., Dr.Jur., Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic, Editorin-chief of the Hauck-Herzog Realencyklopädie. JOHANNES HAUSSLEITER, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of the New Testament, University of Greifswald. CHARLES GIRVEN HECKERT, D.D., President of Hamma Divinity School, Springfield, Ohio. MAX HEINZE (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Philosophy, University of Leipsic. CHARLES ROBERT HEMPHILL, D.D., LL.D.,

President of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of Kentucky, Louisville, Ky.

ERNST HENKE (†), Ph.D., Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Marburg. HEINRICH HERMELINK, Ph.D., Th.Lic., Privat-docent in Church History, University of Leipsic. ALFRED HILLER, D.D.,

Senior Professor of Theology, Hartwick Seminary, near Cooperstown, N. Y.

GEORGE HODGES, D.D., D.C.L.,
Dean of the Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.

HEINRICH FRIEDRICH MAX
HOFFMANN, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,

Privat-docent in Church History, University of Leipsic. RUDOLF HUGO HOFMANN, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Homiletics and Liturgics, University of Leipsic. HJALMER FREDRIK HOLMQUIST, Th.D.,

Professor of Church History, University of Lund, Sweden. EDMUND LYMAN HOOD, Ph.D., President of Atlanta Theological Seminary, Atlanta, Ga.

FRANKLIN EVANS HOSKINS, D.D.,

Missionary at Beirut, Syria.

GEORGE RICE HOVEY, D.D., President of Virginia Union University, Richmond, Va. HENRY EYSTER JACOBS, D.D., LL.D., S.T.D.,

Dean of the Lutheran Theological Seminary, Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa.

JOSEPH JACOBS, Litt.D.,

Professor of English Literature and Rhetoric, Jewish Theo-
logical Seminary of America, New York.
HENRY HARRIS JESSUP (†), D.D.,
Late Missionary at Beirut, Syria.
EDMUND TALMA JILLSON, B.A.,
Kansas City Baptist Theological Seminary.
ARTHUR NEWTON JOHNSON, M.A.,
Home Secretary of the London Missionary Society.
GUSTAV ADOLF JUELICHER, Ph.D.,
Professor of Church History and New Testament Exegesis,
University of Marburg.

MARTIN KAEHLER, Th.D., Professor of Dogmatics and New Testament Exegesis, University of Halle.

FERDINAND FRIEDRICH WILHELM KATTENBUSCH, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Dogmatics, University of Halle.

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