ineffectual applications, he was conveyed to the Cape, and com. mitted to the medical care of M. Planté. This gentleman, per ceiving a large, but foft and yielding, tumour furrounded by feveral others in the parts affected, imagined that the bones might be carious. On examination, he found this to be the fact, and that the coronal, parietal, and temporal futures were the feats of this cariolity. After an exfoliation had taken place, the dura mater was laid bare, and a motion in it was very perceivable for feveral days. The pieces of bone which feparated at different times, amounted to nineteen. After the space of seventeen months, the wounds began to cicatrize, and were perfectly closed, March 24, 1781. No other inconvenience was felt than a fanous discharge and deafnefs in the left ear, owing to the lofs of two of the fmall bones, and fhooting pains on the change of weather.

Mem. IV. Two anatomical Diffections which indicated Phanomens different from thofe which were apprehended from the Appearance of the Difeafe. By M. HALLE. 1. Schirrhous induration of the mem branes of the ftomach. Every thing feemed to indicate, in this fe male patient, that the liver was principally injured, and that a large fuppuration would be found internally. Yet the flameth was the only vifcus that was morbidly affected. It was become thick, and of the hardness of a cartilage, in almost every part. But it fill retained its colour: no marks of ulceration or of inflammation appeared, nor was the evil extended to the adjacent parts. 2. Singular degenerate ftate of the two kidneys. A woman was feized, about two years after the had been troubled with a painful inflation of the abdomen, with a malignant fever, of which he died in the space of fifteen days. In every ftage of the difeafe, the urine continued clear and abundant. Yet the contexture of each kidney was totally deftroyed. The one con tained a large quantity of ferous matter, and four calcula; of which the largest filled up the pelorus: the other kidney was reduced to a fmall membranous fac which inclosed a stone about the fize of a pea, and fome remains of the mamillæ in a deformed ftate, in which the two fubftances that conftitute the kidney were no longer to be diftinguifhed. This curious narrative is accom panied with an engraving representing the parts in their morbid ftate.

Mem. VIII. Obfervations on an Aneurism of the Arch of the Aorta, attended with an Erofion of the upper Rib, and of the Sternum. By M. SCARPA, Profeffor of Anatomy at Pifa. M. SCARPA justly attributes the erofion of the internal membrane of the artery and of these bones, to the continued friction of the blood againft parts which were no longer poffeffed of fmooth and polished furfaces, and not to an acrimony of the humours, as fome have imagined. He alfo afcribes the enlargement of the heart, common in this fpecies of aneurifm, to the preternatural diftention

and

J.

and pofition of the arch. This article will doubtless call to the minds of many of our medical readers, the very extraordinary cafe of the late Dr. William Cooper, where the effects of the continual pulfation of the aneurifmal facculum were much more aftonishing.

Mem. XI. Effai fur le Storbut, &c. i. e. Effay on the Scurvy, in which the Nature of antifcorbutic Remedies is inveftigated, and alfo their Ufe and Combinations in the different Species, Complications, and Degrees of the Diforder. By M. GOGUELIN, Correfpondent of Moicontour, in Britanny.

M. G concludes, from his obfervations and experience, that vegetables in general, their fruits, juices, infufions, &c. are, properly fpeaking, antifcorbutics.

All recent vegetables (fays he), in general, are equally fuccefsful in curing the fcurvy. All have therefore fomething in common that produces the defired effect. Now they have this in common; they all ferment, more or lefs, and that readily, and for a confiderable space of time: and all of them lofe their antifcorbutic virtue, according to the progrefs of the fermentation. What confequences may we draw hence? The two following: ft, That this common fubftance fo furprisingly efficacious, is that mucilaginous fubftance which all fresh vegetables contain in a larger or fmaller quantity, united with thofe particular principles that caufe a diverfity in tafte, as fweet, bitter, four, or are productive of other medicinal effects, as evacuants, alterants, &c. 2dly, That as this mucous fubftance is the natural aliment of fermentation, this procefs is the best chemical method that can be employed, of difcovering where it may be found, though at the fame time its property is hereby deftroyed:'

This mucilaginous fubftance is only ferviceable, when it is eaten and digefted in the ftomach of the patient. Hence it follows that fuch vegetables, or their productions, that have gone through a fermentation, are no longer remarkably antifcorbutic: but honey and fugar contain and preferve this mucilage unaltered. M. GOGUELIN proceeds, in the fecond part of this ingenious effay, to examine if there be different fpecies of the fcurvy, conftituting effe ntial diftinctions; and adopts the opinion of Lind and De Haën, that the difeafe is every where effentially the fame, and of a putrid nature. He then enquires into the causes, which impede the natural progrefs of the difeafe, the diforders that moft frequently accompany it, and indicates the methods of treatment; fubjoining feveral formulæ of which he has found the most efficacious. His obfervations were made during a long courfe of fea voyages. As fugar contains the only principle which is really antifcorbutic in fresh vegetables, he recommends the free ufe of it on board of fhips, as conftituting a part of the provifions. He thinks that about two ounces per day might be given to each man with fingular advantage.

CHIRUR

CHIRURGICAL.

Mem. II. Obfervations on fingular Contractions in the Re By M. ANCELIN. Two inftances of this kind are given. In t firft cafe, on opening the body, the inteftines were found co fiderably enlarged; the colon was prodigiously diftended, filled with fæces through its whole extent. At its junction w the rectum, there was a circular cartilaginous conftriction/ that a common quill could scarcely be admitted. The freight about four lines in length; the colon above the ftri&ture, and sectum beneath it, gradually enlarging in the manner of a dou funnel. In the fecond cafe, at the place of a fimilar ftriétu the root of a tooth was found, which the patient had fwallow. a few days before he was taken ill; and which was obstruc from paffing, by the adhesion of the point at the place of t Aricture. M. ANCELIN has invented an inftrument to remedy th evil; but to have a juft idea of it, recourfe muft be had to the plate annexed.

This learned and useful Society diftributed at their laft affenbly, March 30, 1788, the rewards proposed to the moft fatif factory answers to the following question: "What difeafes pr eeed from the evaporation of flagnant waters, and in marshy ground, affecting either the inhabitants of the parts adjacent, or those who are employed to drain them; and by what method can these diseases be prevented or cured?"

The firft medal was adjudged to Dr. BICKER, of Retterdam: the fecond to M. RAMEL, M. D. of Aubigny in Pr vence; and the third to Dr. BAUMES, of Nifmes. All of them are members of feveral learned focieties, and gentlemen well known in the literary world. M. Bicker has chiefly en larged on the prefervatives; and he defcribes, with great accu racy, an epidemic difeafe which prevailed among the inhabitants of the moraffes in Holland. But he has omitted to fpeak of the chronic diforders, of which thefe emanations are productive. M. Ramel has communicated a great number of very interefting obfervations which he had made in Africa, on the fatal influence of ftagnant waters. But, in exploring the caufes of the difcales produced, he seems to afcribe too much to the fimple humidity occafioned in the atmosphere, without attention to its being charged with putrid miafmata. M. Baumes gives a general hi tory of the difeafes occafioned by the evaporation of ftagnant water, not only in France, but in other countries where the fubject has engaged attention: his memoir is lefs enriched with medical obfervations, than either of the others.

The premium is a medal of gold in value two hundred livres.

ART.

ART. XXX.

The Hiftory of Hindofan, during the Reigns of Jehangir, Sháh Jehán, and Aurangzebe. By Francis Gladwin, Efq. 4to. Vol. I. pp. 132. Calcutta. 1788.

IN

N our laft Appendix, we gave an account of the great Oriental work lately tranflated by Mr. Gladwin, entitled the Ayeen Akbery; to which the prefent hiftory, compiled by the fame ingenious hand, may be confidered as, in fome meafure, fupplementary; as it carries on the hiftorical detail of the moft materia! changes that happened in the conftitution of Hindoftan, through the reigns of the three next fucceffors to Akber. Of thefe emperors, above named, notice has already been taken in our Reviews*, and, confequently, our readers are not wholly unacquainted with their characters; but, in the work now before us, the most confiderable events of their reigns are given in regular arrangement. This volume is just come to our hands, through the favour of a friend; but, we believe, no copies of it are yet imported for fale. We have not had time allowed us for a particular account of the prefent volume; but we propofe to give fome extracts from it at a future opportunity; to which we look forward with the greater fatiffaction, as we understand the fecond volume will speedily make its appearance.

Meanwhile, it is with pleasure that we obferve the progress which Mr. Gladwin is making in his cultivation of Oriental literature. The labours of men fo eminently qualified, cannot but prove highly advantageous to the intereft of learning in general; and muft add greatly to our knowlege of the Eaftern world, with which this nation is now fo intimately connected, but of which we have, till very lately, been moft aftonishingly ignorant. We fhall, now, ceafe to confound, as many of us have done, the followers of the Bedas †, and thofe of the Mohammedan faith; whofe oppofite characters are thus well contrafted in the preface to the volume now before us:- The one, mild and forgiving, refufing profelytes, but profeffing an univerfal philanthropy: the other, fierce and vindictive, making converts with the fword; defpifing and perfecuting all who embrace not their particular creed; purfuing, with unrelenting fury, even thofe among themselves who differ but in the moft immaterial point, regarding them as abfolute infidels, the objects of their fcorn and utter deteftation.' But are the Turks, alone, chargeable with this extreme of bigotry?

*Confult our General Index, vol. ii.
†The divine Books, or Laws, of the Bramins.

APP. Rev. VOL, LXXX.

Z z

Mr, G.

Mr. G. informs his readers, that the materials for this work are taken from authentic Perfian manufcripts; of which he bas an ample collection, purchased, as he affures us, at a very great expence, during twenty years refidence in India. • The Eng lifh reader,' he adds, may rely on the fidelity of this compila tion; and, for the fatisfacton of the Orientalift, wherever! have met with any law, or regulation, particularly important, curious, or interefting, I have given the original along with the tranflation, in an Appendix, at the end of each reign.'-Th reign of Aurungzebe furn fhes many important documents; 2, under the government of that monarch, the conftitution of Hir doftan was publicly declared to be founded on the ftricteft prin ciples of Mohammedanifm. In thefe edicts, the landed property, and other rights of the fubject, are clearly ftated; many points relative to the prerogative of the crown, are accurately defined; and the officers of government are fully inftructed in the natur and extent of their respective duties.

The prefent volume contains the reign of JEHANGER; whofe death the following remarkable circumftance is related: He was exceffively fond of bathing; and, one day, having dived in a moat, and remained fo long under water that he became fenfelefs, one of his fervants, in order to fave his live, dragged him out by the hair of his head. When he came to himself, inftead of properly rewarding fuch faithful and very seasonable fervice, he was fo enraged at the indignity of being dragged by the hair, that he ordered the man's hands to be cut off: in confequence of which, when a fimilar accident befel him again, the attendants fuffered his moft facred Majefty to remain under water till he was actually dead. This happened A. D. 1510. The pride, or fuperftition, or both, of this Indian Emperor, re minds us of a fimilar proof of royal gratitude in one of the Kings of Spain. The Queen was in imminent danger by a fall from her horfe, and her foot being entangled in the stirrup, one of the attendants flew to her relief; which he happily effected: and was rewarded by a fentence of death, for having profaney dared to touch her Majefty's royal foot.

To the volume (which, for the present, we reluctantly clofe) is added, a vocabulary of the Arabic, Perfian, and Hindow words which will be very acceptable to the Oriental reader.

G.

ΑΕΤΟ