Sacred Places, Sacred Spaces: The Geography of Pilgrimages

activities associated behavior Bhardwaj Catholic centers central century characteristics Christian church considered countries cultural definition distance early especially established Europe examined example experience expression fact four geographic German grimage Guru Hajj Hindu historical holy human important increase India indicated individual Islam Italy Jaina journey less living located major Malaysia means Mecca miracle months motivation movement Muslim nature Nolan object observed occur origin paṇḍās particular percent perform period person physical pilgrimage places pilgrims population position practice Prayag Press priests quest region relationships relative religion religious represent ritual route sacred places saints season Shikoku shrines significance Sikh social Source space spatial specific spiritual symbols Table temple tion town tradition Turner types United University Varanasi volume Western worship