Federal Courts and the Law of Federal-state Relations:

actual innocence AEDPA alleged Amendment ancillary jurisdiction apply assessment authority Bandemer Breyer Brosseau cause of action certiorari challenge Circuit civil action claims class action Clause Congress congressional constitutional conviction Court held Court of Appeals decision defendant dismiss dissent District Court diversity jurisdiction Eighth Amendment end of footnote enemy combatant enforce exercise federal common law federal courts federal habeas federal jurisdiction federal law federal-court filed gerrymandering Government grant interpretation issue joined by Justice judgment judicial jurisdic Justice Scalia Justice Souter Justice Stevens L.Ed law of nations legislative history lethal injection litigation ment Newdow opinion original jurisdiction parties petition petitioner petitioner's plaintiffs political gerrymandering political question doctrine prison provides qualified immunity reason recognized relief remand remedy requirement respondent retroactive Rooker-Feldman Rooker-Feldman doctrine rule S.Ct sentence standard state-court State's statutory suit supplemental jurisdiction Supreme Court T]he taxpayers tion tort United violation Zahn