Forest Development in Cold ClimatesJohn Norman Alden, John Alden, J.Louise Mastrantonio, Soren Ødum As forests decline in temperate and tropical climates, highly-developed countries and those striving for greater economic and social benefits are beginning to utilize marginal forests of high-latitude and mountainous regions for resources to satisfy human needs. The benefits of marginal forests range from purely aesthetic to providing resources for producing many goods and services demanded by a growing world population. Increased demands for forest resources and amenities and recent warming of high latitude climates have generated interest in reforestation and afforestation of marginal habitats in cold regions. Afforestation of treeless landscapes improves the environment for human habitation and provides for land use and economic prosperity. Trees are frequently planted in cold climates to rehabilitate denuded sites, for the amenity of homes and villages, and for wind shelter, recreation, agroforestry, and industrial uses. In addition, forests in cold climates reduce the albedo of the earth's surface in winter, and in summer they are small but significant long-lived sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Finally, growth and reproductive success of forests at their geographic limits are sensitive indices of climatic change. As efforts to adapt forests to cold climates increase, however, new afforestation problems arise and old ones intensify. Austral, northern, and altitudinal tree limits are determined by many different factors. Current hypotheses for high-latitude tree limits are based on low growing-season temperatures that inhibit plant development and reproduction. |
Contents
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS IN ICELAND | xiv |
MOLECULAR BASES FOR ADAPTATION OF CONIFEROUS TREES TO COLD CLIMATES | 15 |
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NORTHERN FOREST TREES AS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT | 43 |
TESTING WINTER DESICCATION RESISTANCE FOR SPECIES AND PROVENANCE SELECTION AT TIMBERLINES | 59 |
GROWTH OF MOUNTAIN BIRCH BETULA PUBESCENS EHRH IN RESPONSE TO CHANGING TEMPERATURE | 65 |
IMPLICATIONS FOR AFFORESTATION | 79 |
A REVIEW OF THE HYPOTHESES | 89 |
PHYSIOLOGY OF TREES AT TREELINE | 105 |
SELECTION AND BREEDING OF SCOTS PINE FOR NORTHERN SWEDEN | 321 |
PROVENANCE AND INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN CLIMATIC HARDINESS OF SCOTS PINE IN NORTHERN FINLAND | 333 |
HYBRIDIZATION AMONG PROVENANCES OF LODGEPOLE PINE | 343 |
IMPLICATIONS FOR BREEDING AND REFORESTATION | 357 |
CHLOROPLAST DNA DIVERSITY PHYLOGENETICS AND HYBRIDIZATION IN P1CEA | 369 |
GENETIC VARIATION IN EARLY FROST TOLERANCE OF SPRUCE FROM NORTHWESTERN NORTH AMERICA | 383 |
HISTORY OF TREE PLANTING ON THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS | 393 |
AFFORESTATION OF LUTZ SPRUCE S1TKA SPRUCE AND NORWAY SPRUCE IN THE VESTERAALEN ISLANDS NORWAY | 427 |
TREELINE IN RELATION TO CLIMATE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO OCEANIC AREAS | 115 |
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY DISPERSAL STRATEGIES AND SURVIVAL IN HIGH LATITUDE GLACIALDEGLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS | 135 |
PREDICTING AFFORESTATION SUCCESS DURING CLIMATIC WARMING AT THE NORTHERN LIMIT OF FORESTS | 167 |
CLIMATE CHANGE AS SEEN BY TREES AND BY CLIMATE MODELERS | 189 |
EFFECTS OF WIND ON BOREAL FORESTS | 203 |
INITIAL RESULTS | 227 |
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF TREE POPULATIONS AT THEIR ARCTIC LIMITS | 241 |
POTENTIAL SPECIES AND PROVENANCES FOR FOREST DEVELOPMENT IN COLD CLIMATES | 251 |
SPECIES AND PROVENANCE CHOICE AT NORTHERN TREE LIMITS IN MARITIME CLIMATES | 265 |
SEED COLLECTIONS FROM NORTH AMERICAN TREES FOR MARGINAL SITES IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES | 277 |
THE USES OF LIGNOSES IN HORTICULTURE IN ICELAND | 293 |
ACCELERATING ADAPTATION OF TREES AT TREE LIMITS BY SELECTIVE BREEDING | 299 |
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL FOREST AND ARBORETUM ON THE OUTER COAST OF FINNMARK COUNTY NORWAY | 437 |
FOREST DEVELOPMENT IN ICELAND | 453 |
POTENTIAL TREE LINE IN THE FAROE ISLANDS | 463 |
FOREST TRIALS AT HIGH ELEVATIONS IN BRITAIN | 475 |
A CASE STUDY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SILVICULTURE | 491 |
THE ALPINE TIMBERLINE OF TIBET | 511 |
FORESTRY IN NEW ZEALANDS SOUTHERN HIGH COUNTRY | 529 |
SUMMARIES OF WORKING GROUP SESSIONS | 549 |
555 | |
559 | |
Other editions - View all
Forest Development in Cold Climates John Alden,J.Louise Mastrantonio,Soren Ødum Limited preview - 2013 |
Forest Development in Cold Climates John Alden,J.Louise Mastrantonio,Soren Ødum No preview available - 2013 |
Forest Development in Cold Climates John Alden,J.Louise Mastrantonio,Soren Ødum No preview available - 2013 |
Common terms and phrases
Adak adaptation afforestation Alaska Alden alpine altitude Antarctic Antarctica Arctic areas boreal breeding carbon centimeters Cold Climates conifers damage desiccation Development in Cold Durzan Ecology effects elevation environment environmental Finland Finnmark Forest Development Forest Research Forestry freezing frost genes genetic genotypes glauca growing season hardiness hectares height growth hybrid Iceland Icelandic birch increase Island Junttila krummholz larch Larix leaf lodgepole pine Lutz spruce metabolic meters models mountain birch natural Newfoundland nitrogen North Norway spruce Nothofagus nutrient Ødum percent photoperiod Picea abies pine Pinus Pinus contorta Pinus sylvestris plantations Plenum Pliocene pollen populations progeny radiation regeneration regions Reykjavík Salix Scots pine seed orchards seedlings selection shoot Sitka spruce soil southern spruce Picea stands subalpine survival tatter rate temperature tests timberline Transantarctic Mountains tree growth tree limits tree planting tree species treeline Umeå Unalaska Vardø variation vegetation wave forest white spruce wind winter Zealand zone
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